@article {799,
	title = {Characterization of titanium chromium nitride nanocomposite protective coatings},
	journal = {Applied Surface Science},
	volume = {229},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 824INTimes Cited: 12Cited Reference Count: 30},
	month = {May},
	pages = {387-394},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The structural, chemical, optical and mechanical properties of titanium chromium nitride nanocrystalline films deposited by ion beam-assisted deposition were studied by means of X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry, nanoindentation and wear testing. Coatings were deposited on silicon and stainless steel substrates with growth temperatures of 150 and 400 degreesC. The concentration of titanium and chromium in the film was regulated by controlling their evaporation rates. The nitrogen concentration was controlled by varying the nitrogen ion current. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicated that the films deposited at 150 degreesC formed solid solutions whereas those produced at 400 degreesC formed nanocomposites. The optical constants were measured using spectroscopic ellipsometry. A correlation between the elemental/phase composition and optical constants was established. The mechanical properties of the coatings were evaluated using nanohardness testing and were found to depend on composition. The nanocomposite films were the hardest (hardness of 30 GPa and elastic modulus of 300 GPa). Tribological properties of titanium chromium nitride coated 440 C stainless steel coupons were evaluated using a ball-on-disk tribometer. These tests were conducted under a load of 50 N for 1.5 million cycles at 180 rpm. Coatings deposited at high temperature did not show any signs of wear. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {B-N, DEPOSITION, ellipsometry, HARD COATINGS, NANOSTRUCTURES, nitrides, SPECTROSCOPY, sputtering, THIN-FILMS, WEAR-RESISTANT COATINGS, X-ray photoelectron},
	isbn = {0169-4332},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000221680100050},
	author = {Aouadi, S. M. and Wong, K. C. and Mitchell, K. A. R. and Namavar, F. and Tobin, E. and Mihut, D. M. and Rohde, S. L.}
}
@article {798,
	title = {Titanium boron nitride films grown by ion beam assisted deposition: chemical and optical characterization},
	journal = {Surface \& Coatings Technology},
	volume = {183},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 822CMTimes Cited: 4Cited Reference Count: 41},
	month = {May},
	pages = {369-377},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Titanium boron nitride films with a functionally graded underlayer of Ti/TiN were grown at low temperatures ( < 200 degreesC) on a silicon substrate using ion beam assisted deposition. These coatings had a total thickness of 1.5 +/- 0.2 mum. They were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and spectroscopic ellipsometry. The primary phases in the film were identified using XRD and were found to be in agreement with the equilibrium phase diagram. The surface morphology and nanocrystalline nature of the coating were deduced using AFM. The chemical and phase composition was determined from XPS measurements. The refractive indices were deduced from the investigation of the ellipsometric data and were subsequently correlated to the elemental and phase composition. The hardness and elastic modulus were measured and were found to depend on phase composition. The films were implanted with carbon ions. XPS measurements revealed that new phases formed at the surface as a result of carbon implantation, namely, titanium carbide and elemental carbon. Carbon implantation significantly reduced the friction coefficient from 0.5-0.7 to 0.15-0.25. The hardness of the films decreased by 2-5\%. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {B-N COATINGS, ellipsometry, HARD COATINGS, ion beam assisted deposition, MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES, nanocrystal, NITRIDE, SUPERHARD NANOCOMPOSITE COATINGS, THIN-FILMS, TIBXNY COATINGS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {0257-8972},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000221512300031},
	author = {Aouadi, S. M. and Debessai, M. and Namavar, E. and Wong, K. C. and Mitchell, K. A. R.}
}
@article {5001,
	title = {Growth and characterization of Cr2N/CrN multilayer coatings},
	journal = {Surface \& Coatings Technology},
	volume = {140},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 440PQTimes Cited: 26Cited Reference Count: 30},
	month = {May},
	pages = {269-277},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A series of monolithic and multilayer coatings of chromium nitride with various compositions and architectures were deposited at low temperatures (< 200 degreesC) on silicon substrates using ion-assisted reactive magnetron sputtering. All coatings had a total thickness in the 1.5 +/- 0.3 mum range. The multilayer coatings were designed such that their period and CrN fraction varied in the range 30-150 nm and 0.50-0.93, respectively. Real-time in situ ellipsometry was used to monitor and control the deposition process. The deposited coatings were characterized post-deposition using X-ray diffraction (XRD): Rutherford backscattering (RBS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The primary chromium nitride phases (Cr2N and CrN) in the films were identified using XRD. The chemical composition of selected samples was determined from RES and XPS measurements. The phase composition of the deposited layers was deduced from the analysis of the SE data. The mechanical properties of the coatings were evaluated using a nanoindenter. The measured hardness values were in excess of 20 GPa. The results of the different characterization and testing techniques were correlated and follow-up work on this project suggested. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {chromium nitride, CHROMIUM NITRIDE FILMS, CRN, DEPOSITION, ellipsometry, HARD, MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES, multilayer, nano-indentation, REACTIVE, sputtering, stress, TIN/NBN SUPERLATTICE COATINGS},
	isbn = {0257-8972},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000169183800013},
	author = {Aouadi, S. M. and Schultze, D. M. and Rohde, S. L. and Wong, K. C. and Mitchell, K. A. R.}
}
@article {3838,
	title = {Poly(ethylene glycol) amphiphile adsorption and liposome partition},
	journal = {Journal of Chromatography B-Biomedical Applications},
	volume = {680},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1996},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: UQ821Times Cited: 4Cited Reference Count: 649th International Conference on Partitioning in Aqueous 2-Phase Systems - Advances in the Use of Polymers in Cell Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental SciencesJUN 04-09, 1995ZARAGOZA, SPAIN},
	month = {May},
	pages = {145-155},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {Surface localized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) amphiphiles of type C-16:0-EO(151) and C-18:2-EO(1.51) were studied via ellipsometry at macroscopic, hat methylated silica (MeSi), phosphatidic acid (PA), and phosphatidylcholine (PC) surfaces. At these surfaces the amphiphiles adsorb similarly, in a non-cooperative manner, achieving a plateau (approximate to 0.1 PEG chains/nm(2)) well below amphiphile critical micelle concentration (CMC). The resultant PEG-enriched layers were 10-15 nm thick, with a polymer concentration (approximate to 0.07 g/cm(3)) greater than the PEG-enriched phase of many dextran, PEG aqueous two-phase systems. PEG-amphiphile adsorption (mg/m(2)) at hydrophobic and phospholipid flat surfaces correlated with changes in the partition (log K) of PC liposomes in such two-phase systems. PEG-amphiphile adsorption at macroscopic surfaces appears to represent a balance between hydrophobic attraction and repulsive intra-chain interactions which promote chain elongation normal to the surface.},
	keywords = {ADSORPTION, AQUEOUS 2-PHASE SYSTEMS, BEHAVIOR, CELL-SEPARATION, critical micelle concentration, ellipsometry, HYDROPHOBIC AFFINITY PARTITION, LIPOSOMES, partitioning, PHASE SYSTEMS, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), polymer, PROTEINS, SURFACE-PROPERTIES, WATER-INTERFACE},
	isbn = {0378-4347},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996UQ82100016},
	author = {VanAlstine, J. M. and Malmsten, M. and Brooks, D. E.}
}
