@article {2450,
	title = {Quantitative analysis of propofol in whole blood using capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Journal of Chromatography B-Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences},
	volume = {877},
	number = {8-9},
	year = {2009},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 424NVTimes Cited: 2Cited Reference Count: 19Hui, Yu Raedschelders, Koen Zhang, Hong Ansley, David M. Chen, David D. Y.},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {703-709},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We have developed a straightforward capillary electrophoresis method capable of quantifying clinically relevant propofol concentrations in whole blood from patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass. The method utilizes 400 mu L of whole blood and is capable of detecting propofol in the ng/mL range. Factors affecting reproducibility and reliability of analytical results for clinically relevant samples are discussed. The method was used to evaluate propofol concentrations in blood samples from 30 patients. The distribution in the whole blood concentration achieved in patients advocates the need for target-achieved monitoring techniques. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Aortocoronary bypass, BIOPHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY, BREATH, capillary electrophoresis, Cardiopulmonary bypass, CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS-SPECTROMETRY, grafting, HUMAN, Method development, PLASMA, POPULATION, Propofol, Whole blood},
	isbn = {1570-0232},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000264574300006},
	author = {Hui, Y. and Raedschelders, K. and Zhang, H. and Ansley, D. M. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {2539,
	title = {Very slow expansion of an ultracold plasma formed in a seeded supersonic molecular beam of NO},
	journal = {Physical Review A},
	volume = {79},
	number = {6},
	year = {2009},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 466XZTimes Cited: 2Cited Reference Count: 35Morrison, J. P. Rennick, C. J. Grant, E. R.},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {7},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The double-resonant laser excitation of nitric oxide, cooled to 1 K in a seeded supersonic molecular beam, yields a gas of approximate to 10(12) molecules per cubic centimeter in a single selected Rydberg state. This population evolves to produce prompt free electrons, and a durable cold plasma of electrons and intact NO+ ions. This plasma travels with the molecular beam through a field-free region to encounter a grid. The atomic weight of the expansion gas controls the beam velocity and hence the flight time from the interaction region to the grid. Monitoring electron production as the plasma traverses this grid measures its longitudinal width as a function of flight time. Comparing these widths to the width of the laser beam that defines the initial size of the illuminated volume allows us to gauge the rate of expansion of the plasma. We find that the plasma created from the evolution of a Rydberg gas of NO expands at a small but measurable rate, and that this rate of expansion accords with the Vlasov equations for an initial electron temperature of T-e approximate to 7 K.},
	keywords = {3-BODY RECOMBINATION, COMPOUNDS, ELECTRONS, GASES, laser cooling, molecular beams, molecule-photon collisions, NEUTRAL PLASMAS, NITROGEN, Photoexcitation, PLASMA, plasma collision processes, positive ions, RATES, RYDBERG ATOMS, Rydberg states, STATES, TEMPERATURE, TEMPERATURES, VACUUM, Vlasov equation},
	isbn = {1050-2947},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000267700100086},
	author = {Morrison, J. P. and Rennick, C. J. and Grant, E. R.}
}
@article {1529,
	title = {Factors affecting primary ionization in dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization (DA-APPI) for LC/MS},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry},
	volume = {17},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 012ZFTimes Cited: 25Cited Reference Count: 20},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {130-138},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The sensitivity of dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization (DA-APPI) for LC/MS is generally reduced at higher solvent flow rates. Theory suggests that quenching of excited-state precursors to the dopant ions, via collisions with vaporized solvent molecules, may be one mechanism responsible for this trend. To ascertain if the primary rate of ionization is affected by quenching, experiments were performed utilizing an ionization detector to determine the primary ion current generated by irradiating vaporized mixtures of toluene dopant and methanol solvent. The results indicate that no loss of primary ion current occurs as the solvent flow is increased, provided the dopant-to-solvent ratio is held constant. Additional primary ion current can always be generated by increasing the dopant flow rate and/or the lamp power. Thus, quenching of excited-state precursors to the dopant ions, leading to a reduction in the primary rate of ionization, is not the mechanism responsible for the observed loss of sensitivity at higher liquid solvent flow rates.},
	keywords = {DETECTOR, LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, MASS-SPECTROMETRY, PERFORMANCE, PLASMA, SOLVENT FLOW},
	isbn = {1044-0305},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000235378700003},
	author = {Robb, D. B. and Blades, M. W.}
}
@article {1237,
	title = {Effects of solvent flow, dopant flow, and lamp current on dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization (DA-APPI) for LC-MS. Ionization via proton transfer},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry},
	volume = {16},
	number = {8},
	year = {2005},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 952BFTimes Cited: 42Cited Reference Count: 37},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {1275-1290},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {In this paper, the effects of solvent flow, dopant flow, and lamp power on proton transfer ionization in dopant-assisted (DA) atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) are investigated. A broad theoretical framework is presented, describing the primary photoionization process, the formation of protonated-solvent cluster ions, and the balance between analyte ion creation via proton transfer and loss via recombination. The principal experimental test system utilized methanol as the solvent, toluene as the dopant, and acridine as the analyte. Comparisons are made between acridine and a less basic compound, 9-methylanthracene (9-MA). Experimental determinations of the trends in the analyte MH+ signal and the total ion current (TIC) with variations in the subject parameters are provided. Experimental results and theory demonstrate that both the analyte signal and the TIC approach asymptotic limits with increases in dopant flow and/or lamp current (two factors which dictate the rate of photoion generation). The data show that these limits are lowered at higher solvent flow rates. These results are attributed to the recombination loss process, the rate of which increases with the second power of ion concentration. We deduce that the recombination rate constant increases with solvent flow rate, a consequence of the growth of ion-solvent clusters. Cluster growth is also believed to be a factor in the dramatic loss of sensitivity for 9-MA that occurs as the solvent flow is raised, because larger protonated-solvent cluster ions have greater solvation energies and may be unreactive with compounds having low gas-phase basicity and/or low solvation energy.},
	keywords = {DETECTOR, GAS-PHASE, ION-SOURCE, LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, MASS-SPECTROMETRY, METHANOL, PLASMA, SENSITIVITY, SOLVATION, SYSTEM},
	isbn = {1044-0305},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000230975700009},
	author = {Robb, D. B. and Blades, M. W.}
}
@article {687,
	title = {A quantitative study of continuous flow-counterbalanced capillary electrophoresis for sample purification},
	journal = {Electrophoresis},
	volume = {24},
	number = {17},
	year = {2003},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 723ZZTimes Cited: 10Cited Reference Count: 25},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {2887-2895},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A systematic evaluation of continuous flow-counterbalanced capillary electrophoresis for microscale preparative applications is presented. The success of the technique was found to depend on the specific nature of the analyte and background electrolyte and was most heavily influenced by factors such as solution conductivity and rate of buffer depletion. The performance of the technique for the system studied was ultimately limited by contamination arising from changes in analyte mobilities during extended run times. Marked improvements in both purification rate and yield were observed using the zwitterionic buffer 2-(N-cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid when compared to similar runs carried out using a borate background electrolyte. A quantitative evaluation of the technique was performed for the analytes studied and the performance of the technique has been compared to fraction collection methods. The highest recovery achieved was 5.2\% of the fastest migrating component present in the original sample with a resolution of 9 to the adjacent peak and required 100 min under optimized conditions. Recovery could be further increased to 9.0\% in 120 min for the same analyte using pressure-ramped flow-counterbalanced capillary electrophoresis.},
	keywords = {amino acid, BUFFER, DESIGN, flow-counterbalanced capillary electrophoresis, FRACTION COLLECTOR, LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE, MASS-SPECTROMETRY, MEMBRANE, MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY, PLASMA, PURIFICATION, SAMPLE, SEPARATION, tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate, ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS, zwitterionic buffer},
	isbn = {0173-0835},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000185462800002},
	author = {McLaren, D. G. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {3813,
	title = {Nonequilibrium effects in reactive systems; The effect of reaction products and the validity of the Chapman-Enskog method},
	journal = {Physica a-Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications},
	volume = {223},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1996},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: TQ402Times Cited: 30Cited Reference Count: 62},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {50-86},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The rates of gas phase reactions can be calculated from the averages of the appropriate reactive cross sections with the velocity distribution functions of the reacting species. The reactive process, especially for reactions with activation energy, removes translationally energetic species and the velocity distribution functions depart from Maxwellian. The rate coefficients can differ from the equilibrium rate calculated with the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The extent of the departure of the distribution function from Maxwellian can be estimated from solutions of the Boltzmann equation with appropriate choices for the elastic and reactive collision cross sections. If there is a good separation in the elastic and reactive collision time scales, a steady solution of the Boltzmann equation can be obtained with a procedure analogous to the Chapman-Enskog method for transport coefficients. In the present paper, the nonequilibrium effects for model reactive systems of the type A + A reversible arrow B + B, with and without the reverse reaction, and the reaction A + C {\textendash}> products are examined with both a Chapman-Enskog method along with an explicitly time-dependent solution for the irreversible reaction A + A {\textendash}> B + B. The main objectives are to study the effect of the inclusion of the products with and without a reverse reaction as well as the range of validity of the Chapman-Enskog method.},
	keywords = {ANOMALOUS TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTIONS, EQUILIBRIUM, HEAT-FLUX, hydrodynamics, KINETIC-THEORY, LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE, PERTURBATION, PLASMA, STRONGLY INHOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS, VELOCITY},
	isbn = {0378-4371},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996TQ40200005},
	author = {Shizgal, B. D. and Napier, D. G.}
}
@article {3562,
	title = {INVESTIGATIONS OF THE INTERFACE BETWEEN MAGNESIUM AND POLYETHYLENETEREPHTHALATE BY X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY},
	journal = {Applied Surface Science},
	volume = {84},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: QK405Times Cited: 20Cited Reference Count: 15},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {245-252},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The interfacial chemistry between in-situ thermally evaporated magnesium and a polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) film is studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The initially deposited Mg atoms adsorb on the PET surface, via an addition reaction to the C=O groups, with the simultaneous formation of Mg-O and Mg-C bonds. Further metallization shows condensation in the agglomeration mode, with metallic clusters formed by adsorption on to the initial Mg at the PET interface. With exposure of the Mg/PET film to air, the interface does not change although the outer metallic component oxidizes. Rinsing this air-oxidized Mg/PET film with water removes all the magnesium and leaves a modified PET surface compared with its initial state.},
	keywords = {aluminum, CHEMISTRY, PLASMA, POLYMER INTERFACES, XPS},
	isbn = {0169-4332},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1995QK40500003},
	author = {Wong, P. C. and Li, Y. S. and Mitchell, K. A. R.}
}
@article {3093,
	title = {HUMAN URINARY ARSENIC EXCRETION AFTER ONE-TIME INGESTION OF SEAWEED, CRAB, AND SHRIMP},
	journal = {Clinical Chemistry},
	volume = {40},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: NE582Times Cited: 145Cited Reference Count: 48},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {617-624},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We studied chemical speciation of arsenic compounds in urine samples by using HPLC with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection. We examined urinary arsenic excretion patterns and the arsenic species excreted from nine human subjects who ingested seaweed products and crab (or shrimp). Fast urinary excretion of unchanged arsenobetaine was seen after ingestion of crab and shrimp, which contain arsenobetaine as the major arsenic species. In contrast, the arsenosugars, which comprise the major arsenic species in seaweed, are metabolized and have a longer retention time in the human body. When nine volunteers ingested the commercial seaweed product nori, both the urinary arsenic excretion pattern and the excreted arsenic species varied from individual to individual, and as many as six metabolites could be detected. It seems that arsenosugars are not decomposed by stomach acid and that reactions involving enzymatic and (or) microbial activity in the human body may be responsible for the metabolism of arsenosugars.},
	keywords = {arsenobetaine, arsenosugars, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, EDIBLE, HAMSTER, JAPANESE, METABOLISM, ORGANOARSENIC COMPOUNDS, PLASMA, RABBITS, SEAWEED, SPECIATION, TOXICOLOGY},
	isbn = {0009-9147},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994NE58200023},
	author = {Le, X. C. and Cullen, W. R. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {7165,
	title = {A COMPARISON OF 3 TECHNIQUES FOR DEPOSITING DLC FILMS AT TEMPERATURES BETWEEN 25-DEGREES-C AND 100-DEGREES-C},
	journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
	volume = {219},
	year = {1992},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: JD451Times Cited: 2Cited Reference Count: 1010TH INTERNATIONAL CONF ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE ORGANIC SOLID STATE ( ICCOSS 10 )JUL 07-12, 1991VANCOUVER, CANADACHEM INST CANADA, NAT SCI \& ENGN RES COUNCIL CANADA, PETR RES FUND, UNIV BRIT COLUMBIA, BRUKER SPECTROSPIN CANADA, CHEMAGNETICS, DOTY SCI, GORDON \& BREACH SCI PUBL},
	pages = {183-192},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	keywords = {ACETYLENE FLAME, DIAMOND LIKE CARBON, DIAMONDLIKE CARBON, MICROWAVE, PLASMA, PULSED LASER ABLATION, Thin films},
	isbn = {0140-6566},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1992JD45100022},
	author = {Athwal, I. S. and Ogryzlo, E. A.}
}
@article {7177,
	title = {COULOMB MILNE PROBLEM},
	journal = {Physical Review A},
	volume = {45},
	number = {6},
	year = {1992},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: HK384Times Cited: 9Cited Reference Count: 62},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {3687-3699},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The transport properties of an ensemble of charged test particles diffusing from infinity through a second charged species that fills the positive half-space are studied. It is assumed that there are no incoming particles at the boundary between the medium in the positive half-space and the vacuum that fills the negative half-space. This problem has been referred to as the Milne problem and has previously been considered for neutral species [M. J. Lindenfold and B. Shizgal, Phys. Rev. A 27, 1657 (1983)]. The present paper examines the rarefied-gas dynamical effects for the Coulomb interaction between the two species. The distribution function of the background gas is taken to be a Maxwellian and the test-particle distribution is determined from a solution of the Boltzmann equation with its expansion in Burnett functions, products of Laguerre polynomials, and spherical harmonics. The extrapolation length is calculated together with the density and temperature profiles and compared with the Chapman-Enskog results valid far from the boundary. A comparison with the previous results for the hard-sphere cross section describing collisions between two neutral species is also presented.},
	keywords = {ABSORBING SPHERE, ANOMALOUS, BOUNDARY-LAYER, COUPLED TEST PARTICLE, FOKKER-PLANCK EQUATION, HEAT-FLUX, KINETIC, PLASMA, SOLAR-WIND, STEADY-STATE, STRONGLY INHOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS, TRANSPORT},
	isbn = {1050-2947},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1992HK38400038},
	author = {Barrett, J. and Demeio, L. and Shizgal, B.}
}
@article {6962,
	title = {POWER, FLOW-RATE, AND PRESSURE EFFECTS IN A JET-ASSISTED GLOW-DISCHARGE SOURCE},
	journal = {Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy},
	volume = {46},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: FE622Times Cited: 21Cited Reference Count: 19},
	pages = {501-515},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Effects brought about by power and flow rate through the jets and pressure changes in a jet-assisted glow discharge source were studied. An increase in the power dissipated in the glow discharge increased both the sample sputtering and excitation of sputtered species in the negative glow. Although the application of the jets resulted in a similar increase in sample atomization, no uniform enhancement of emission intensities was observed. Instead, some emission lines were reduced in intensity, typically those characterized by relatively large absorption coefficients; while others were enhanced, those possessing relatively small absorption coefficients. This behaviour is suggestive of a self-absorption problem. Consequently, the most sensitive lines typically used for atomic emission analyses in glow discharges, resonance lines with large absorption coefficients, suffered from profound self-absorption with the application of the jets.},
	keywords = {PLASMA, SPECTROMETRY, SPECTROSCOPY, SYSTEM},
	isbn = {0584-8547},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1991FE62200005},
	author = {Banks, P. R. and Blades, M. W.}
}
