@article {5137,
	title = {Analyte ionization in the furnace atomization plasma excitation spectrometry source - spatial and temporal observations},
	journal = {Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry},
	volume = {16},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 405MHTimes Cited: 7Cited Reference Count: 34},
	pages = {256-262},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Spatially resolved atomic and ionic emission has been measured in a FAPES source at radiofrequency (rf) powers ranging between 10 and 100w. The degree of ionization was spatially dependent, with maxima adjacent to the centre electrode and graphite cuvette wall. Temporally resolved atomic and ionic emission have also been measured in a newly designed FAPES source, and the temporal ionization behaviour of Mg, Cd, Fe, Zn and Cr was derived from these measurements.},
	keywords = {EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY, FAPES, FIGURES, GRAPHITE-FURNACE, LEAD, MERIT, silver, SPECTROSCOPY},
	isbn = {0267-9477},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000167163200003},
	author = {Lu, S. Y. and LeBlanc, C. W. and Blades, M. W.}
}
@article {4112,
	title = {Atmospheric pressure, radio frequency, parallel plate capacitively coupled plasma - excitation temperatures and analytical figures of merit},
	journal = {Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy},
	volume = {52},
	number = {13},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YR110Times Cited: 15Cited Reference Count: 45},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {1983-1993},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Electronic excitation (T-exc) and rotational (T-rot) temperatures were determined for a parallel plate capacitively coupled rf plasma operating at atmospheric pressure. T-exc was calculated from the slope of the Boltzmann plot using Fe and He as the thermometric species and Ph excitation temperature was calculated using the two line method. Over a power range from 100 W to 250 W, excitation temperatures are 3255-3900 K for He, 3540-4500 K for Pb, and 4300-4890 K for Fe. The rotational temperature was measured using both OK and N-2(+) molecular spectra and the values are in the range of 828-911 K and 845-956 K respectively over a power range of 75-275 W. Signal-to-noise ratios, signal-to-background ratios, and absolute detection limit for lead (0.33 ng) and silver (24 pg) are also reported. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.},
	keywords = {ATOMIC EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY, capacitively coupled plasma, CHARGE-TRANSFER, DETECTOR, DISCHARGE, excitation temperature, FAPES, GAS, HELIUM PLASMA, HELIUM PLASMAS, metals, MICROWAVE-INDUCED PLASMA, rotational temperature, SPECTROSCOPY},
	isbn = {0584-8547},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000071459300008},
	author = {Rahman, M. M. and Blades, M. W.}
}
@article {4047,
	title = {Spatial and temporal profiles of indium in a furnace atomization plasma excitation spectrometry source},
	journal = {Applied Spectroscopy},
	volume = {51},
	number = {11},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YP332Times Cited: 5Cited Reference Count: 39},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {1715-1721},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Spatially resolved emission and absorption intensities from the indium 303.93-nm resonance line were measured in a furnace atomization plasma excitation spectrometry (FAPES) source. These measurements show that the spatial structure observed in the analyte emission is due to two effects, The first is the spatial distribution of analyte atoms in the source. The absorption measurements show that this spatial distribution is fairly uniform. There is a slight gradient, with analyte concentrations increasing from the cuvette wall to the center electrode. The fine structure in the emission intensity profiles must therefore be caused by the dependence of the degree of analyte excitation on position within the cuvette. This structure suggests that the FAPES source operates as an atmospheric-pressure radio-frequency glow discharge. Negative glows are seen adjacent to the graphite cuvette wall and center electrode.},
	keywords = {ABSORPTION, aluminum, ANALYTE, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION, CCD, DYNAMICS, emission, EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY, FAPES, FURNACE ATOMIZATION PLASMA EXCITATION SPECTROMETRY, GRAPHITE-FURNACE, indium, INVESTIGATING ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIZATION, LEAD, profile, SPATIAL, SPECTROSCOPY},
	isbn = {0003-7028},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000071266300022},
	author = {LeBlanc, C. W. and Blades, M. W.}
}
@article {3413,
	title = {Spatially resolved temperature measurements in a furnace atomization plasma excitation spectrometry source},
	journal = {Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy},
	volume = {50},
	number = {11},
	year = {1995},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: TM056Times Cited: 12Cited Reference Count: 25},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {1395-1408},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Spatially resolved atomic emission intensities from helium, and molecular emission intensities from OH and N-2(+) have been measured in a furnace atomization plasma excitation spectrometry (FAPES) source. He I emission at 388.86 nm was used to monitor the spatial structure of the plasma in the source while increasing the radio frequency (r.f.) power applied to its center electrode. At higher r.f. power the He I emission intensity increased significantly while its spatial structure remained relatively unchanged. The He I emission was found to be most intense adjacent to the center electrode. Some less intense emission was observed adjacent to the graphite cuvette wall and some very weak emission was seen throughout the volume of the source. These observations suggest that the FAPES source operates as an r.f. glow discharge. Emission intensities from the OH (0-0) rotational A (2) Sigma(+) {\textendash}> X (2) Pi(i) and N-2(+) (0-0) rotational B (2) Sigma(u)(+) {\textendash}> X (2) Sigma(g)(+) bands were used to monitor the effects of increasing the r.f. power applied to the center,electrode of the source. From these measurements, rotational temperatures for these molecules were calculated. The intensity measurements showed that there is a significant thermal gradient in the source with OH rotational temperatures ranging between 680 and 1050 K and N-2(+) rotational temperatures ranging between 580 and 1920 K with 60 W r.f. power applied to the center electrode. At higher r.f. powers there is an increase in rotational temperatures and an increase in the dissociation of molecular species in the FAPES source. Lead excitation temperatures were calculated using the line ratio method by measuring the emission of the Pb I 280.119 and 283.306 nm lines at different r.f. powers. The temperature was found to increase monotonically with r.f. power over the range of 35 to 75 W.},
	keywords = {EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY, FAPES, LEAD, rotational temperature, SPECTROSCOPY},
	isbn = {0584-8547},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1995TM05600009},
	author = {LeBlanc, C. W. and Blades, M. W.}
}
@article {2965,
	title = {ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE, RADIO-FREQUENCY, CAPACITIVELY COUPLED HELIUM PLASMAS},
	journal = {Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: MX741Times Cited: 25Cited Reference Count: 42},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {47-57},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {ATOMIC EMISSION-SPECTROSCOPY, DETECTOR, EXCITATION SPECTROMETRY, FAPES, FURNACE, LEAD, POWER},
	isbn = {0584-8547},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994MX74100006},
	author = {Blades, M. W.}
}
@article {2823,
	title = {FURNACE ATOMIZATION PLASMA EXCITATION SPECTROMETRY - EFFECTS OF SODIUM-CHLORIDE AND SODIUM-NITRATE ON LEAD AND SILVER EMISSION},
	journal = {Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry},
	volume = {8},
	number = {7},
	year = {1993},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ME197Times Cited: 9Cited Reference Count: 22},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {955-959},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The effect of alkali halide and nitrate salts on the emission intensity from Ag and Pb, excited using furnace atomization plasma excitation spectrometry, has been studied. Compared with the emission signal obtained when there is no interferent, the presence of either NaNO3 or NaCl as a comcomitant in the sample causes an interference effect by decreasing the emission intensity over the power range 14-40 W.},
	keywords = {ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, EASILY IONIZED ELEMENT, FAPES, FURNACE ATOMIZATION PLASMA EXCITATION SPECTROMETRY, GRAPHITE FURNACE, GRAPHITE-FURNACE, HELIUM PLASMA, INTERFERENCE, INTERFERENCES, PLATFORM, SPECTROSCOPY},
	isbn = {0267-9477},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993ME19700005},
	author = {Hettipathirana, T. D. and Blades, M. W.}
}
@article {7260,
	title = {FURNACE ATOMIZATION PLASMA EXCITATION SPECTROSCOPY - SPECTRAL, SPATIAL, AND TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS},
	journal = {Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy},
	volume = {47},
	number = {4},
	year = {1992},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: HP179Times Cited: 20Cited Reference Count: 20},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {493-503},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Some fundamental characteristics of a furnace atomization plasma excitation (FAPES) source are presented and discussed. For this source, the electron ionization rate is 120 times higher in He compared with Ar resulting in easier ignition and operation with He. Background spectra are dominated by emission features from CO+, N2+, N2, OH, NH, and He I. Emission is most intense near the central electrode and furnace walls. Excitation temperatures for Fe I are in the range of 3000-4500 K.},
	keywords = {EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY, FAPES, inductively coupled plasma},
	isbn = {0584-8547},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1992HP17900002},
	author = {Hettipathirana, T. D. and Blades, M. W.}
}
@article {7259,
	title = {TEMPORAL EMISSION AND ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SILVER, LEAD AND MANGANESE IN FURNACE ATOMIZATION PLASMA EXCITATION SPECTROMETRY},
	journal = {Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry},
	volume = {7},
	number = {7},
	year = {1992},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: JY532Times Cited: 15Cited Reference Count: 37},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {1039-1046},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The temporal behaviour of the signal measured for Ag, Pb and Mn in furnace atomization plasma excitation spectrometry was studied using atomic emission and atomic absorption spectrometry. Analyte was deposited both on the wall and on the r.f. electrode with and without the r.f. power applied. Analyte condensation on the r.f. electrode is observed when no plasma is formed. When the plasma is formed inside the furnace it heats the electrode such that, for Ag and Pb, condensation is not observed except for large amounts of analyte. For Ag and Mn, the appearance temperatures and peak temperatures are not significantly affected by the plasma relative to the response obtained using a graphite furnace. For Pb, appearance and peak temperatures are shifted significantly earlier. For Pb, atom formation may be effected by the presence of CO in the gas phase generated from oxidation of the graphite furnace wall and electrode. The role of carbon in atom formation was studied by depositing the sample on both tungsten and graphite electrodes.},
	keywords = {ASCORBIC-ACID, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION, DOUBLE PEAKS, ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIZATION, FAPES, FURNACE ATOMIZATION PLASMA EXCITATION SPECTROMETRY, GRAPHITE FURNACE, GRAPHITE-FURNACE, LEAD AND MANGANESE SIGNALS, MECHANISMS, silver, SURFACE, TEMPERATURE, vaporization},
	isbn = {0267-9477},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1992JY53200002},
	author = {Hettipathirana, T. D. and Blades, M. W.}
}
