@article {1026,
	title = {Tomato fruit cuticular waxes and their effects on transpiration barrier properties: functional characterization of a mutant deficient in a very-long-chain fatty acid beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Botany},
	volume = {55},
	number = {401},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 829GETimes Cited: 49Cited Reference Count: 44},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {1401-1410},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Cuticular waxes play a pivotal role in limiting transpirational water loss across the plant surface. The correlation between the chemical composition of the cuticular waxes and their function as a transpiration barrier is still unclear. In the present study, intact tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum) are used, due to their astomatous surface, as a novel integrative approach to investigate this composition-function relationship: wax amounts and compositions of tomato were manipulated before measuring unbiased cuticular transpiration. First, successive mechanical and extractive wax-removal steps allowed the selective modification of epi- and intracuticular wax layers. The epicuticular film consisted exclusively of very-long-chain aliphatics, while the intracuticular compartment contained large quantities of pentacyclic triterpenoids as well. Second, applying reverse genetic techniques, a loss-of-function mutation with a transposon insertion in a very-long-chain fatty acid elongase beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase was isolated and characterized. Mutant leaf and fruit waxes were deficient in n-alkanes and aldehydes with chain lengths beyond C-30, while shorter chains and branched hydrocarbons were not affected. The mutant fruit wax also showed a significant increase in intracuticular triterpenoids. Removal of the epicuticular wax layer, accounting for one-third of the total wax coverage on wild-type fruits, had only moderate effects on transpiration. By contrast, reduction of the intracuticular aliphatics in the mutant to approximately 50\% caused a 4-fold increase in permeability. Hence, the main portion of the transpiration barrier is located in the intracuticular wax layer, largely determined by the aliphatic constituents, but modified by the presence of triterpenoids, whereas epicuticular aliphatics play a minor role.},
	keywords = {ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA, BARRIER, BICOLOR L MOENCH, CITRUS LEAF CUTICLES, CONDENSING ENZYME, CONDUCTANCE, cuticle, ECERIFERUM CER MUTANTS, EPICUTICULAR WAX, EPICUTICULAR WAXES, EPIDERMAL, intracuticular wax, PRUNUS-LAUROCERASUS L, tomato, transpiration, TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES, WATER PERMEABILITY},
	isbn = {0022-0957},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000222034600015},
	author = {Vogg, G. and Fischer, S. and Leide, J. and Emmanuel, E. and Jetter, R. and Levy, A. A. and Riederer, M.}
}
@article {678,
	title = {Template effect where 1-3 molecules drive formation of a trimer carceplex},
	journal = {Chemistry-a European Journal},
	volume = {9},
	number = {14},
	year = {2003},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 706XATimes Cited: 6Cited Reference Count: 46},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {3253-3262},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The template effect in the formation of a trimer carceplex using 1-3 molecules as templates is explored. Thirteen different templates were studied and template ratios were measured for templates of like and unlike molecularity. Five transition-state models were studied for their binding abilities to see if these mirror the template ratios. The chemical shifts of the guests and the thermodynamic and kinetic values for templation suggest that binding is key, often tight, and that the guest determining step is formation of the last covalent bond. The molecular dynamics of guests as well as the conformational dynamics of both hosts and guests further addresses nature of the recognition between host and guest. Finally, we were surprised to discover that water can bind reversibly to the trimer carceplexes, which will have ramifications to any inner phase reactions conducted inside the cage.},
	keywords = {AMPLIFICATION, BARRIER, BINDING, CAPTURE, carceplex, CHEMISTRY, DIELS-ALDER REACTION, DYNAMICS, ELUCIDATION, ENCAPSULATION, HOST-GUEST COMPLEXATION, host-guest systems, molecular recognition, RESORCINARENE CAPSULE, REVERSIBLE, supramolecular, TEMPLATE SYNTHESIS},
	isbn = {0947-6539},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000184479300009},
	author = {Makeiff, D. A. and Sherman, J. C.}
}
@article {4223,
	title = {Crystal structure and thermodynamics of reversible molecular capsules},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	volume = {120},
	number = {25},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ZY238Times Cited: 60Cited Reference Count: 40},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {6252-6260},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The reversible encapsulation of small molecules by two rigid hemispherical molecules is described. The "bowls" are linked by four charged hydrogen bonds. The complex is highly guest-selective. A crystal structure of one complex and a thermodynamic analysis of several complexes provide an unusually vivid description of the structure and dynamics of these complexes. The relevance of these complexes as transition state models for the formation of carceplexes is also presented.},
	keywords = {BARRIER, carceplex, ENCAPSULATION, HOST GUEST COMPLEXATION, ORGANIC-MOLECULES},
	isbn = {0002-7863},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000074600100009},
	author = {Chapman, R. G. and Olovsson, G. and Trotter, J. and Sherman, J. C.}
}
@article {4223,
	title = {Crystal structure and thermodynamics of reversible molecular capsules},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	volume = {120},
	number = {25},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ZY238Times Cited: 60Cited Reference Count: 40},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {6252-6260},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The reversible encapsulation of small molecules by two rigid hemispherical molecules is described. The "bowls" are linked by four charged hydrogen bonds. The complex is highly guest-selective. A crystal structure of one complex and a thermodynamic analysis of several complexes provide an unusually vivid description of the structure and dynamics of these complexes. The relevance of these complexes as transition state models for the formation of carceplexes is also presented.},
	keywords = {BARRIER, carceplex, ENCAPSULATION, HOST GUEST COMPLEXATION, ORGANIC-MOLECULES},
	isbn = {0002-7863},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000074600100009},
	author = {Chapman, R. G. and Olovsson, G. and Trotter, J. and Sherman, J. C.}
}
@article {3630,
	title = {A multiple-quantum H-1 NMR study of conformational biasing of biphenyl in a nematic liquid crystal},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Series A},
	volume = {118},
	number = {2},
	year = {1996},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: TZ082Times Cited: 24Cited Reference Count: 42},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {264-271},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Multiple-quantum H-1 NMR spectroscopy was used to simplify the analysis of the complicated one-quantum spectrum of the 10-spin molecule biphenyl dissolved in a nematic solvent. An eight-quantum spectrum was analyzed to obtain estimates of all dipolar coupling constants and chemical shifts, which were used as a starting point to solve the one-quantum spectrum, The dipolar couplings from the one-quantum spectrum were used, in combination with those determined in a previous study using different liquid-crystal solvents, to obtain vibrationally corrected geometrical parameters and orientational order parameters, The effective internal rotational potential was found to be shifted slightly toward a more planar configuration relative to the gas-phase potential, with an equilibrium dihedral angle of 37 degrees. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc.},
	keywords = {BARRIER, DERIVATIVES, GASEOUS, INTERNAL-ROTATION, MIXTURES, MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE, PERDEUTERATED BIPHENYL, SOLVENTS, SPECTRA, SPECTROSCOPY, STATE},
	isbn = {1064-1858},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996TZ08200013},
	author = {Chandrakumar, T. and Polson, J. M. and Burnell, E. E.}
}
@article {3223,
	title = {EVIDENCE FOR ENERGY-DEPENDENT TRANSPORT OF ALUMINUM OUT OF BRAIN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID},
	journal = {Toxicology},
	volume = {98},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1995},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: QX943Times Cited: 22Cited Reference Count: 36},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {31-39},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Aluminum (Al) can cause CNS toxicity. The mechanism of its blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation is poorly understood. In this study, microdialysis was used to determine extracellular fluid (ECF) unbound aluminum distribution between frontal cortex (FC) and blood during steady-state aluminum concentrations. The brain/blood aluminum ratio was determined. Over a 16-fold range of aluminum concentrations (dosed as aluminum citrate), brain/blood aluminum ratios were 0.10-0.15, consistently and significantly <1. Aluminum diffusion cannot account for these results, suggesting the presence of a carrier that moves aluminum out of brain extracellular fluid. These aluminum brain/blood ratios (BBRs) were not significantly different over the range of concentrations studied, suggesting an inability to saturate the carrier. Brain/blood aluminum ratios obtained with four aluminum-hydroxypyridinones were also significantly <1 (0.1-0.3), and were generally significantly different among themselves and from the aluminum citrate BBR. Movement of a BBB permeability marker from blood into brain extracellular fluid suggested partial BBB opening. The aluminum BBRs obtained (all much less than 1), in the presence of a partially opened BBR, suggest an efficient carrier moving aluminum out of brain ECF. Addition of cyanide to the brain microdialysis probe solution significantly increased the Al (citrate) BBR to 1, These results suggest the presence of an efficient, energy-dependent carrier that removes aluminum from brain ECF, either into brain cells or blood.},
	keywords = {aluminum, ANTIPYRINE, BARRIER, BLOOD, BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER, CHELATORS INVITRO, COMPLEXES, ENERGY-DEPENDENT ACTIVE TRANSPORT, INVIVO MICRODIALYSIS, iron, MICRODIALYSIS, MOBILIZATION, permeability, TRANSFERRIN},
	isbn = {0300-483X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1995QX94300004},
	author = {Allen, D. D. and Orvig, Chris and Yokel, R. A.}
}
@article {3053,
	title = {MICROWAVE-SPECTRUM OF TETROLYL FLUORIDE},
	journal = {Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions},
	volume = {90},
	number = {20},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: PN019Times Cited: 5Cited Reference Count: 17},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {3023-3027},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {{The microwave spectrum of the unstable molecule tetrolyl fluoride (but-2-ynoyl fluoride)},
	keywords = {BARRIER, DIMETHYLACETYLENE, INTERNAL-ROTATION},
	isbn = {0956-5000},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994PN01900001},
	author = {Hensel, K. D. and Gerry, M. C. L.}
}
@article {2920,
	title = {THE ORIENTATION OF MOLECULES WITH INTERNAL-ROTATION IN NEMATIC PHASES},
	journal = {Molecular Physics},
	volume = {80},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: LW723Times Cited: 10Cited Reference Count: 33},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {177-189},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The anisotropic couplings obtained from the H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of partially oriented molecules with internal rotation are difficult to analyse because the order parameters for each conformer cannot be deduced without assumptions. The purpose of this paper is to show how a model for the anisotropic short-range potential can be useful in the interpretation of the high-resolution H-1 NMR spectra of the flexible molecules furfural, 2-chlorobenzaldehyde, and 2,2{\textquoteright}-dithiophene dissolved in a 55\% Merck ZLI 1132-45\% N-(p-ethoxybenzylidene)-2,6-dideutero-p{\textquoteright}-n-butylaniline (w/w) mixture. In this nematic mixture there is no contribution to the anisotropic potential from the interaction between the solute molecular quadrupole moment and the average electric field gradient of the liquid crystal solvent; the dominant anisotropic intermolecular potential in this mixture is taken to result solely from short-range interactions. We find good agreement between experiment and the order parameters calculated by the model of short-range interactions. The ratios of order parameters for the s-cis and s-trans conformers predicted by the model are used to calculate the statistical weights of the s-trans conformation for the solutes: at 304 K, p(trans)(furfural) = 0.45 +/- 0.02, p(trans)(2-chlorobenzaldehyde) = 0.901 +/- 0.006 and p(trans)(2,2{\textquoteright}-dithiophene) = 0.6094 +/- 0.0008.},
	keywords = {BARRIER, CONFORMATION, LIQUID-CRYSTALS, ORDER, SIZE, SOLUTES},
	isbn = {0026-8976},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993LW72300013},
	author = {ter Beek, L. C. and Zimmerman, D. S. and Burnell, E. E.}
}
@article {7119,
	title = {THE CONFORMATION OF 2,2{\textquoteright}-DITHIOPHENE IN NEMATIC SOLVENTS DETERMINED BY H-1-NMR},
	journal = {Molecular Physics},
	volume = {74},
	number = {5},
	year = {1991},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: GY085Times Cited: 24Cited Reference Count: 26},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1027-1035},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {In this paper we report a determination of the structure 2,2{\textquoteright}-dithiophene dissolved in different nematic liquid crystal solvents. The H-1-NMR spectra of this molecule dissolved in a 55\% Merck ZLI 1132/45\% N-(4-ethoxybenzylidene)-4{\textquoteright}-n-butylaniline (w/w) mixture are recorded at 300 and 304 K and are analysed. The dipolar coupling constants obtained are used to show that the solute molecule exists in both the s-cis and the s-trans conformations. The s-trans conformer is planar and the absolute value of the dihedral angle-PHI between the two thiophene ring planes for the s-cis conformer is found to be (24 +/- 1)degrees. Using the same method of analysis we reinterpreted two additional independent sets of published dipolar coupling constants from H-1-NMR spectra of 2,2{\textquoteright}-dithiophene dissolved in Merck Phase IV at room temperature and in 80\% N-(4-ethoxybenzylidene)-4{\textquoteright}-n-butylaniline/20\% O-carbobutoxy-4-oxybenzoic acid ethoxy phenyl ester at 301 K. These additional studies yield the same results for the structure of 2,2{\textquoteright}-dithiophene. We also estimate that in each of the three nematic solvents (61 +/- 3)\% of the solute 2,2{\textquoteright}-dithiophene exists in the s-trans state.},
	keywords = {2, 2{\textquoteright}-BITHIENYL, BARRIER, LIQUID-CRYSTALS, MOLECULES, orientational order, PHASE, SIZE, SOLUTES},
	isbn = {0026-8976},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1991GY08500007},
	author = {ter Beek, L. C. and Zimmerman, D. S. and Burnell, E. E.}
}
@article {7001,
	title = {EFFECT OF CHAIN-LENGTH ON ORIENTATIONAL ORDER OF A SERIES OF SHORT-CHAIN CARBOXYLIC-ACIDS DISSOLVED IN A NEMATIC LIQUID-CRYSTAL},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance},
	volume = {95},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: GL020Times Cited: 1Cited Reference Count: 22},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {32-40},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {BARRIER, butane, MATRIX, MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE, NMR, PHASES, ROTATION, SPIN-ECHO SPECTROSCOPY},
	isbn = {0022-2364},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1991GL02000003},
	author = {Delikatny, E. J. and Heldman, M. A. and Burnell, E. E.}
}
