@article {2341,
	title = {Chemoselective Oxygen-Centered Radical Cyclizations onto Silyl Enol Ethers},
	journal = {Organic Letters},
	volume = {10},
	number = {21},
	year = {2008},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 367EETimes Cited: 3Cited Reference Count: 37Zlotorzynska, Maria Zhai, Huimin Sammis, Glenn M.},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {5083-5086},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A new oxygen-centered radical cyclization onto silyl enol ethers has been developed and utilized for the synthesis of versatile siloxy-substituted tetrahydrofurans. The reactions display excellent chemoselectivity for cyclization onto the electron-rich silyl enol ether when competing terminal alkene cyclization, 1,5-hydrogen abstraction, and beta-fragmentation pathways are present. The increased chemoselectivity also allows for the synthesis of tetrahydropyrans, a challenging substrate class to access using oxygen-centered radical alkene cyclizations due to competing 1,5-hydrogen abstractions.},
	keywords = {4-PENTEN-1-OXYL RADICALS, ALKOXY RADICALS, CHEMISTRY, GENERATION, ORGANIC-SYNTHESIS, REDUCING AGENT, RING-CLOSURE REACTIONS, SELECTIVITY, STEREOSELECTIVE-SYNTHESIS, TETRAHYDROFURANS},
	isbn = {1523-7060},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000260534500094},
	author = {Zlotorzynska, M. and Zhai, H. and Sammis, G. M.}
}
@article {443,
	title = {Univalent salts as modifiers in micellar capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Electrophoresis},
	volume = {23},
	number = {12},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 573XDTimes Cited: 11Cited Reference Count: 23},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {1912-1920},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The influence of three univalent salts (LiCl, and RbCl) on the separation of amino acids labelled with 3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)-quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde (CBQCA) in micellar capillary electrophoresis has been studied. Capacity factors for a series of eight CBQCA-labelled amino acids in a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar system containing different concentrations of salt were measured and were found to be related to both the hydrodynamic radius of the salt counter-ion (Li+, Na+, Rb+) and the relative hydrophobicity of the amino acid. Affinities of the analytes for the micelles were generally observed to decrease as the salt concentration in the background electrolyte was increased from 10 to 50 mM. This decrease in affinity was greatest in the presence of the salt counter-ion with the smallest hydrodynamic radius and is primarily due to an increased resistance to mass transfer. Furthermore, interaction of hydrophobic analytes with the micelles is greater than that of hydrophilic analytes at all salt concentrations due to the greater strength of the hydrophobic interactions and this effect is also enhanced in the presence of a smaller counter-ion. No negative effects due to Joule heating or electromigrative dispersion were observed for low to moderate concentrations of salt, which suggests that the use of simple univalent salts to modify analyte/micelle affinities can be a practical method for improving the separation of complex mixtures.},
	keywords = {amino acids, AMMONIUM-SALTS, COUNTER-ION, EFFICIENCY, ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY, FLUORESCENCE, micellar capillary electrophoresis, MIGRATION BEHAVIOR, modifiers, RESOLUTION, salt, SDS, SELECTIVITY, SEPARATION},
	isbn = {0173-0835},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000176857000019},
	author = {McLaren, D. G. and Boulat, O. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {4207,
	title = {Dynamic complexation of solutes in capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Electrophoresis},
	volume = {19},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ZD713Times Cited: 12Cited Reference Count: 28},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {383-387},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The analyte migration behavior in any chemical separation system can be described using a single equation that unifies all areas of separation science. This equation can be used in capillary electrophoresis (CE) to design separation systems, and to study interactions between analytes and additives. By using individual capacity factors for each analyte species present in the system, and with the knowledge of the characteristics of each interaction, one can predict the analyte migration behavior in complicated CE systems, including systems with multiple 1:1 interactions and/or higher order interactions.},
	keywords = {AFFINITY, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, BINDING, capacity factor, CHIRAL SEPARATIONS, dynamic complexation capillary electrophoresis, ENANTIOMERS, higher order interactions, MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY, multiple equilibria, OPTIMIZATION, RESOLUTION, SELECTIVITY, separation theory, TIOCONAZOLE, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0173-0835},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000072716000003},
	author = {Bowser, M. T. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {4317,
	title = {The effects of a mixture of charged and neutral additives on analyte migration behavior in capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Electrophoresis},
	volume = {19},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ZD713Times Cited: 14Cited Reference Count: 45},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {388-396},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Multicomponent additives, such as derivatized cyclodextrins with various degrees of substitution, can be considered single-component additives as long as the fraction of each component remains constant. In this paper, equations are derived describing the effect of such additives on the migration behavior of analytes. These equations are used in the study of capillary electrophoresis (CE) systems with differentially charged cyclodextrins as additives. For weakly acidic analytes, the binding with highly negatively charged sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin (SBE-beta-CD) increases their negative electrophoretic mobility, while the binding with neutral hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) decreases their negative mobility. By obtaining the equilibrium constants and mobilities for each additive with each analyte (in this case, phenol, 2-naphthol and 1-naphthol), the migration behavior of these analytes in CE systems is quantitatively predicted at various concentrations of mixtures of the two additives. The properties of the contour lines in the binding isotherm surfaces of such CE systems are discussed.},
	keywords = {ANALYTE, ASPECTS, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, CHIRAL, ELECTROPHORESIS, MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY, MIGRATION BEHAVIOR, MOBILE PHASES, multicomponent additives, RESOLUTION, SELECTIVITY, SEPARATION, separation theory, STATIONARY PHASE, THEORETICAL, TIOCONAZOLE ENANTIOMERS, two-additive capillary, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0173-0835},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000072716000004},
	author = {Kranack, A. R. and Bowser, M. T. and Britz-McKibbin, P. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {4205,
	title = {Higher order equilibria and their effect on analyte migration behavior in capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Analytical Chemistry},
	volume = {70},
	number = {15},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 107VQTimes Cited: 38Cited Reference Count: 31},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {3261-3270},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {This paper presents a quantitative investigation into the effect of analyte-additive interactions on analyte migration behavior in capillary electrophoresis (CE) when both 1:1 and 1:2 stoichiometries are present. Equations based on the individual capacity factors for each interaction are derived to account for the effect of both first- and second-order equilibria. The analyte migration behavior is described using these equations with a full account of how the microscopic equilibrium constants and microscopic mobilities are combined to give the macroscopic values. The binding isotherms of interactions with both 1:1 and 1:2 stoichiometries are compared with those of a 1:1 stoichiometry. 4,4{\textquoteright}-Biphenol and 4-phenylphenol were chosen as analytes that undergo complexation with one and two hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) molecules; phenol was used as an analyte that interacts with only one HP-beta-CD molecule. The process of calculating higher order equilibrium constants and complex mobilities from the binding isotherms is demonstrated. The effects of experimental conditions, such as the additive concentration range and the number of data points, on the error in the calculated constants and the ability of the equations to accurately describe the experimental data are discussed. A comparison of the linear transformations of the binding isotherm with respect to their ability to detect higher order equilibria is made, and the advantage of using the capacity factor in CE is illustrated.},
	keywords = {AFFINITY, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, BINDING, CHIRAL SEPARATION, METAL-IONS, SELECTIVITY, SELECTORS, THEORETICAL ASPECTS, TIOCONAZOLE ENANTIOMERS, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0003-2700},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000075232000034},
	author = {Bowser, M. T. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {4209,
	title = {Properties of multivariate binding isotherms in capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Analytical Chemistry},
	volume = {70},
	number = {6},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ZC318Times Cited: 16Cited Reference Count: 30},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {1076-1084},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {When more than one complexation additive is used in capillary electrophoresis (CE), the migration behavior of an analyte can be described using contour plots and profile plots of the multivariate binding isotherms, At a certain concentration of one additive, the net electrophoretic mobility of the analyte is not affected by the concentration of the second additive, even though the second additive does alter the mobility of the analyte when used alone. The concentration of the first additive, in this situation, is defined as the dengsu concentration (dengsu means "same speed" in Chinese), The presence of a dengsu concentration for one additive is a strong indication that the second additive interacts with the analyte in a 1:1 (analyte-additive) stoichiometry, The binding isotherms in a profile plot can be used to unambiguously determine the binding stoichiometry of the analytes, as well as to determine the effect of interactions between the additives. The apparent complex mobilities obtained from the profile plots can also be used to determine whether there are interactions between the additives or whether the analyte can bind both additives at the same time.},
	keywords = {AFFINITY, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, CHIRAL SEPARATION, POLYETHERS, RESOLUTION, SELECTIVITY, THEORETICAL ASPECTS, TIOCONAZOLE ENANTIOMERS},
	isbn = {0003-2700},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000072565200004},
	author = {Bowser, M. T. and Kranack, A. R. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {4100,
	title = {Quantitative description of analyte migration behavior based on dynamic complexation in capillary electrophoresis with one or more additives},
	journal = {Electrophoresis},
	volume = {18},
	number = {5},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: XC565Times Cited: 48Cited Reference Count: 28},
	month = {May},
	pages = {706-716},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A comprehensive theory is proposed to describe the migration behavior of analytes in capillary electrophoresis (CE) when one or more additives are present in the buffer solution. This theory amalgamates and extends the previous work done by others. The capacity factor (k{\textquoteright}) in this theory is defined as the product of the equilibrium constant and the additive concentration, thus, k{\textquoteright} changes linearly with additive concentration, The net electrophoretic mobility of an analyte is a function of k{\textquoteright}, therefore, it can be changed by varying the additive concentration. Three parameters are needed to predict the mobility of an analyte in a one-additive CE system: the mobility of the free analyte, the mobility of the complex, and the equilibrium constant for the analyte-additive interaction (which determines the fraction of the free analyte at different additive concentrations). When additives are used, the change in viscosity obscures this relationship, therefore, a viscosity correction factor is required to convert all mobilities to an ideal state where the viscosity remains constant. The migration behavior of an analyte in a solution with multiple additives can be predicted and controlled, once the equilibrium constants of the interactions between the analyte and each of the additives are obtained separately. beta-Cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin are used as additives and the migration behavior of phenol, p-nitrophenol, and benzoic acid are studied as a model system to verify this theory. When the necessary viscosity correction factor is included, the net electrophoretic mobilities of the analytes obtained from experimental results agree with the values predicted by the theory based on dynamic complexation. Although only experiments with one and two additives were carried out to verify the theory, the equations apply to situations when more than two additives are used. The relationship between the theories of electrophoresis and chromatography is clarified.},
	keywords = {additives, analyte migration, BEHAVIOR, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, BINDING, capillary electrophoresis, CHIRAL RESOLUTION, DYNAMIC COMPLEXATION, ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY, OPTIMIZATION, SELECTIVITY, SEPARATION, viscosity correction},
	isbn = {0173-0835},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997XC56500008},
	author = {Peng, X. J. and Bowser, M. T. and BritzMcKibbin, P. and Bebault, G. M. and Morris, J. R. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {3909,
	title = {Quantitative description of migration behavior of porphyrins based on the dynamic complexation model in a nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis system},
	journal = {Electrophoresis},
	volume = {18},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: WH231Times Cited: 47Cited Reference Count: 48},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {82-91},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The effect of an additive (Brij 35) on the mobilities of a group of porphyrin acids is quantitatively characterized based on a 1:I dynamic complexation model. Varying additive concentration shifts the equilibrium and changes the viscosity of the background electrolyte. The equilibrium constant, the electrophoretic mobility of the free analyte, and the electrophoretic mobility of the complex are identified as the parameters necessary to describe the analytes{\textquoteright} migration behavior. Several statistical methods for obtaining these parameters are discussed. The equilibrium constants and complex mobilities are calculated using three different linear regression methods. The weighted y-recip-rocal method was preferred because it gives smaller error, and the data points are evenly distributed along the concentration axis. These values are confirmed using a nonlinear regression to ensure that the proper weighting was used in the linear regression plots. The parameters are then used to predict the apparent mobilities of the analytes over the entire additive concentration range, allowing the optimum separation conditions to be identified. For disclike molecules, such as porphyrins, the mobility is determined by the orientation of the molecule in an electric field, in addition to their size and charge. The strength of binding between the porphyrins and Brij 35 depends on the number of binding sites and the solvation shell.},
	keywords = {additives, AFFINITY, ANIONS, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, BINDING, CHIRAL SEPARATION, DYNAMIC COMPLEXATION, ENANTIOMERS, nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis, PARAMETERS, PORPHYRIN, SELECTIVITY, SELECTORS, separation theory, TIOCONAZOLE, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0173-0835},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997WH23100016},
	author = {Bowser, M. T. and Sternberg, E. D. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {3908,
	title = {Redefining the separation factor: A potential pathway to a unified separation science},
	journal = {Electrophoresis},
	volume = {18},
	number = {15},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YW557Times Cited: 20Cited Reference Count: 38},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {2928-2934},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Understanding the separation process in capillary electrophoresis (CE leads to the unification of the theories for separation science; While the separation of analytes is governed by equilibria in chromatography, and by (centrifugal) field in ultracentrifugation, the separation in CE is governed by both equilibria and (electric) field. Therefore, a comprehensive separation theory that describes the separation process of analytes in CE should be able to describe the separation processes in both chromatography and ultracentrifugation. In this paper, we propose that individual capacity factors for each analyte species be used to describe the migration behavior of an analyte. The effect of field on each analyte species, as well as the effect of equilibria are considered in deriving a generalized equation that is applicable for all separation techniques. The separation factor defined at present does not directly relate to the migration rates of the analytes, and therefore can not be used in a generalized theory. We propose that the ratio of the migration rates of a pair of analytes (gamma) should be used as the separation factor, instead of the ratio of the two capacity factors. When gamma is used to describe the separation of two closely migrating analytes, all separation techniques have the same resolution equation.},
	keywords = {BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, capacity factor, capillary electrophoresis, CHROMATOGRAPHY, ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY, ELECTROPHORETIC CHIRAL SEPARATIONS, ENANTIOMERS, LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, PARAMETERS, RESOLUTION, SELECTIVITY, separation factor, TIOCONAZOLE, ULTRACENTRIFUGATION, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0173-0835},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000071948300033},
	author = {Bowser, M. T. and Bebault, G. M. and Peng, X. J. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {3143,
	title = {CATALYTIC OXYGEN BLEACHING OF WOOD PULP WITH METAL PORPHYRIN AND PHTHALOCYANINE COMPLEXES},
	journal = {Tappi Journal},
	volume = {77},
	number = {11},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: PQ091Times Cited: 11Cited Reference Count: 10},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {119-125},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A series of porphyrin and phthalocyanine complexes of Co, Fe, and Mn is screened for catalytic activity in the oxygen bleaching of unbleached softwood kraft pulp in 1 M KOH at 25 and 100 degrees C under 0.8 MPa oxygen pressure. The Mn(III) complex of meso(tetrasulfonatophenyl) porphyrin, isolated as Na3Mn(TSPP).4H(2)O and abbreviated as Mn(TSPP), is shown to promote delignification and suppress cellulose degradation in oxygen bleaching. The influence of bleaching time, pH, temperature, oxygen pressure, and Mn(TSPP) charge on catalytic activity is assessed by factorial and parametric experiments. The Mn(TSPP) is effective at a minimum concentration of about 0.025 g/L (0.023 x 10(-3) M) and is most beneficial for bleaching rate and selectivity in 1 M KOH at high temperature and oxygen pressure (100 degrees C, 0.8 MPa O-2).},
	keywords = {CATALYSTS, KINETICS, OXYGEN BLEACHING, SELECTIVITY, transition metals},
	isbn = {0734-1415},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994PQ09100013},
	author = {Perng, Y. S. and Oloman, C. W. and Watson, P. A. and James, Brian R.}
}
