@article {477,
	title = {Chiral separation of benzoporphyrin derivative mono- and diacids by laser induced fluorescence-capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Electrophoresis},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 513ZATimes Cited: 9Cited Reference Count: 42},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {93-101},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A method for the separation of benzoporphyrin derivative mono- and diacid (BPDMA, BPDDA) enantiomers; by laser induced fluorescence-capillary electrophoresis (LIF-CE) has been developed. By using 300 mm borate buffer, pH 9.2, 25 mm sodium cholate and 10\% acetronitrile as electrolyte, +10 kV electrokinetic sampling injection of 2 s and an applied +20 kV voltage across the ends of a 37 cm capillary (30 cm to the detector, 50 mum ID), all six BPD stereoisomers; were baseline-separated within 20 min. Formation constants, free electrophoretic and complexation mobilities with borate and cholate were determined based on dynamic complexation capillary electrophoresis theory. The BPD enantiomers can be quantitatively determined in the range of 10(-2)-10(-5) mg mL(-1). The correlation coefficients (r(2)) of the least-squares linear regression analysis of the BPD enantiomers are in the range of 0.9914-0.9997. Their limits of detection are 2.18-3.5 x 10(-3) mg mL(-1). The relative standard deviations for the separation were 2.90-4.64\% (n = 10). In comparison with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), CE has better resolution and efficiency. This separation method was successfully applied to the BPD enantiomers obtained from a matrix of bovine serum and from liposomally formulated material as well as from studies with rat, dog and human microsomes.},
	keywords = {benzoporphyrin derivative mono- and diacids, BORATE COMPLEXATION, capillary electrophoresis, DYNAMIC COMPLEXATION MODEL, MIGRATION BEHAVIOR, PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY, PHOTOSENSITIZER, porphyrins, QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION, SYSTEM, TUMOR, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0173-0835},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000173410100014},
	author = {Peng, X. J. and Sternberg, E. and Dolphin, D.}
}
@article {5019,
	title = {Separation of free amino acids in human plasma by capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence: potential for emergency diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism},
	journal = {Journal of Chromatography B},
	volume = {754},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 418PQTimes Cited: 44Cited Reference Count: 28},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {217-228},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Free amino acids (AAs) in human plasma are derivatized with 3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)quinoline -2-carboxaldehyde (CBQCA) and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. The labeling procedure is significantly improved over results reported previously. Derivatization can be completed in 40 min, with concentrations as low as 4x10(-8) M successfully labeled in favourable cases. Twenty-nine AAs (including 2 internal standards) are identified and can be reproducibly separated in 70 min. Migration time RSD values for 23 of these AAs were calculated and found in the range from 0.5 to 4\%. The rapid derivatization procedure and the resolution obtained in the separation are sufficient for a semi-quantitative, emergency diagnosis of several inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). Amino acid profiles for both normal donor plasma samples and plasma samples of patients suffering from phenylketonuria, tyrosinemia, maple syrup urinary disease, hyperornithinemia. and citrullinemia are studied. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {amino acids, CARNITINE, CHROMATOGRAPHY, inborn errors, urine, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0378-4347},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000167900900026},
	author = {Boulat, O. and McLaren, D. G. and Arriaga, E. A. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {4208,
	title = {Analyte-additive interactions in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis: a critical review},
	journal = {Trac-Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	volume = {17},
	number = {7},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 107HPTimes Cited: 54Cited Reference Count: 40},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {424-434},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {This article reviews the recent developments in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis and discusses the effect of the solvent on analyte-additive interactions. When nonaqueous solvents are used, solvophobic interactions are generally weaker than those in water; therefore, those additives that can change the analyte mobility through electrostatic or donor-acceptor interactions should be further explored. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ANIONS, CHIRAL SEPARATION, cohesion energy, density, dielectric constant, electron donor-acceptor interaction, FORMAMIDE, ION, MEDIA, nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis, SEPARATION SELECTIVITY, solvent effect, SOLVENTS, SURFACTANTS, WATER, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0165-9936},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000075202300022},
	author = {Bowser, M. T. and Kranack, A. R. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {4207,
	title = {Dynamic complexation of solutes in capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Electrophoresis},
	volume = {19},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ZD713Times Cited: 12Cited Reference Count: 28},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {383-387},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The analyte migration behavior in any chemical separation system can be described using a single equation that unifies all areas of separation science. This equation can be used in capillary electrophoresis (CE) to design separation systems, and to study interactions between analytes and additives. By using individual capacity factors for each analyte species present in the system, and with the knowledge of the characteristics of each interaction, one can predict the analyte migration behavior in complicated CE systems, including systems with multiple 1:1 interactions and/or higher order interactions.},
	keywords = {AFFINITY, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, BINDING, capacity factor, CHIRAL SEPARATIONS, dynamic complexation capillary electrophoresis, ENANTIOMERS, higher order interactions, MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY, multiple equilibria, OPTIMIZATION, RESOLUTION, SELECTIVITY, separation theory, TIOCONAZOLE, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0173-0835},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000072716000003},
	author = {Bowser, M. T. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {4317,
	title = {The effects of a mixture of charged and neutral additives on analyte migration behavior in capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Electrophoresis},
	volume = {19},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ZD713Times Cited: 14Cited Reference Count: 45},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {388-396},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Multicomponent additives, such as derivatized cyclodextrins with various degrees of substitution, can be considered single-component additives as long as the fraction of each component remains constant. In this paper, equations are derived describing the effect of such additives on the migration behavior of analytes. These equations are used in the study of capillary electrophoresis (CE) systems with differentially charged cyclodextrins as additives. For weakly acidic analytes, the binding with highly negatively charged sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin (SBE-beta-CD) increases their negative electrophoretic mobility, while the binding with neutral hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) decreases their negative mobility. By obtaining the equilibrium constants and mobilities for each additive with each analyte (in this case, phenol, 2-naphthol and 1-naphthol), the migration behavior of these analytes in CE systems is quantitatively predicted at various concentrations of mixtures of the two additives. The properties of the contour lines in the binding isotherm surfaces of such CE systems are discussed.},
	keywords = {ANALYTE, ASPECTS, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, CHIRAL, ELECTROPHORESIS, MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY, MIGRATION BEHAVIOR, MOBILE PHASES, multicomponent additives, RESOLUTION, SELECTIVITY, SEPARATION, separation theory, STATIONARY PHASE, THEORETICAL, TIOCONAZOLE ENANTIOMERS, two-additive capillary, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0173-0835},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000072716000004},
	author = {Kranack, A. R. and Bowser, M. T. and Britz-McKibbin, P. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {4205,
	title = {Higher order equilibria and their effect on analyte migration behavior in capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Analytical Chemistry},
	volume = {70},
	number = {15},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 107VQTimes Cited: 38Cited Reference Count: 31},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {3261-3270},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {This paper presents a quantitative investigation into the effect of analyte-additive interactions on analyte migration behavior in capillary electrophoresis (CE) when both 1:1 and 1:2 stoichiometries are present. Equations based on the individual capacity factors for each interaction are derived to account for the effect of both first- and second-order equilibria. The analyte migration behavior is described using these equations with a full account of how the microscopic equilibrium constants and microscopic mobilities are combined to give the macroscopic values. The binding isotherms of interactions with both 1:1 and 1:2 stoichiometries are compared with those of a 1:1 stoichiometry. 4,4{\textquoteright}-Biphenol and 4-phenylphenol were chosen as analytes that undergo complexation with one and two hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) molecules; phenol was used as an analyte that interacts with only one HP-beta-CD molecule. The process of calculating higher order equilibrium constants and complex mobilities from the binding isotherms is demonstrated. The effects of experimental conditions, such as the additive concentration range and the number of data points, on the error in the calculated constants and the ability of the equations to accurately describe the experimental data are discussed. A comparison of the linear transformations of the binding isotherm with respect to their ability to detect higher order equilibria is made, and the advantage of using the capacity factor in CE is illustrated.},
	keywords = {AFFINITY, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, BINDING, CHIRAL SEPARATION, METAL-IONS, SELECTIVITY, SELECTORS, THEORETICAL ASPECTS, TIOCONAZOLE ENANTIOMERS, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0003-2700},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000075232000034},
	author = {Bowser, M. T. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {4213,
	title = {Quantitative assay fdr epinephrine in dental anesthetic solutions by capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Analyst},
	volume = {123},
	number = {7},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 102JCTimes Cited: 40Cited Reference Count: 19},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {1461-1463},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A simple and robust method for the separation and quantification of epinephrine in dental anesthetic solutions was developed. The method allows the direct injection of high salt solutions without Sample pre-treatment. Large sample plugs (5.7\% of the total capillary length) are used for epinephrine determination by selective analyte focusing in capillary electrophoresis, The concentration detection limit for epinephrine is about 5.0 x 10(-7) M (90 ng ml(-1)) with a commercial UV detector. The separation protocol was validated in terms of its precision, linearity, accuracy and specificity.},
	keywords = {analyte focusing, capillary electrophoresis, CHROMATOGRAPHY, dental anesthetic solutions, EPINEPHRINE, INJECTION, LIDOCAINE, SAMPLES, STACKING, TETRACAINE, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0003-2654},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000074920200007},
	author = {Britz-McKibbin, P. and Kranack, A. R. and Paprica, A. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {4212,
	title = {A water-soluble tetraethylsulfonate derivative of 2-methylresorcinarene as an additive for capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Analytical Chemistry},
	volume = {70},
	number = {5},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ZB216Times Cited: 12Cited Reference Count: 25},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {907-912},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A water-soluble tetraethylsulfonate derivative of 2-methylresorcinarene (TESMR), an aromatic-based, bowl-shaped macrocycle, was used as an additive in capillary electrophoresis. Several phenol derivatives are used as analytes to demonstrate the effect of this highly charged additive, TESMR is observed to interact differently with a mixture of positional isomers and other types of phenol derivatives, A comparative study of separations with two charged additives, TESMR and sulfobutyl ether-beta-cyclodextrin (SBE-beta-CD), provided insight into the selectivity exhibited by these additives. The influence of buffer pH, ionic strength, and organic modifier content on separation and peak shape is investigated, Peak asymmetry caused by the use of highly charged additives at lower pH is minimized by the addition of small amounts of a polar aprotic organic solvent to the run buffer. The effects of mixing a charged additive with a neutral additive are also discussed.},
	keywords = {AROMATIC CAVITY, CHROMATOGRAPHY, ELECTROKINETIC, ETHER-BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, ISOMERS, macrocycles, RESOLUTION, RESORCINOL CYCLIC TETRAMER, SEPARATION, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0003-2700},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000072448400021},
	author = {Britr-McKibbin, P. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {3909,
	title = {Quantitative description of migration behavior of porphyrins based on the dynamic complexation model in a nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis system},
	journal = {Electrophoresis},
	volume = {18},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: WH231Times Cited: 47Cited Reference Count: 48},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {82-91},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The effect of an additive (Brij 35) on the mobilities of a group of porphyrin acids is quantitatively characterized based on a 1:I dynamic complexation model. Varying additive concentration shifts the equilibrium and changes the viscosity of the background electrolyte. The equilibrium constant, the electrophoretic mobility of the free analyte, and the electrophoretic mobility of the complex are identified as the parameters necessary to describe the analytes{\textquoteright} migration behavior. Several statistical methods for obtaining these parameters are discussed. The equilibrium constants and complex mobilities are calculated using three different linear regression methods. The weighted y-recip-rocal method was preferred because it gives smaller error, and the data points are evenly distributed along the concentration axis. These values are confirmed using a nonlinear regression to ensure that the proper weighting was used in the linear regression plots. The parameters are then used to predict the apparent mobilities of the analytes over the entire additive concentration range, allowing the optimum separation conditions to be identified. For disclike molecules, such as porphyrins, the mobility is determined by the orientation of the molecule in an electric field, in addition to their size and charge. The strength of binding between the porphyrins and Brij 35 depends on the number of binding sites and the solvation shell.},
	keywords = {additives, AFFINITY, ANIONS, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, BINDING, CHIRAL SEPARATION, DYNAMIC COMPLEXATION, ENANTIOMERS, nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis, PARAMETERS, PORPHYRIN, SELECTIVITY, SELECTORS, separation theory, TIOCONAZOLE, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0173-0835},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997WH23100016},
	author = {Bowser, M. T. and Sternberg, E. D. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {3908,
	title = {Redefining the separation factor: A potential pathway to a unified separation science},
	journal = {Electrophoresis},
	volume = {18},
	number = {15},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YW557Times Cited: 20Cited Reference Count: 38},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {2928-2934},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Understanding the separation process in capillary electrophoresis (CE leads to the unification of the theories for separation science; While the separation of analytes is governed by equilibria in chromatography, and by (centrifugal) field in ultracentrifugation, the separation in CE is governed by both equilibria and (electric) field. Therefore, a comprehensive separation theory that describes the separation process of analytes in CE should be able to describe the separation processes in both chromatography and ultracentrifugation. In this paper, we propose that individual capacity factors for each analyte species be used to describe the migration behavior of an analyte. The effect of field on each analyte species, as well as the effect of equilibria are considered in deriving a generalized equation that is applicable for all separation techniques. The separation factor defined at present does not directly relate to the migration rates of the analytes, and therefore can not be used in a generalized theory. We propose that the ratio of the migration rates of a pair of analytes (gamma) should be used as the separation factor, instead of the ratio of the two capacity factors. When gamma is used to describe the separation of two closely migrating analytes, all separation techniques have the same resolution equation.},
	keywords = {BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, capacity factor, capillary electrophoresis, CHROMATOGRAPHY, ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY, ELECTROPHORETIC CHIRAL SEPARATIONS, ENANTIOMERS, LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, PARAMETERS, RESOLUTION, SELECTIVITY, separation factor, TIOCONAZOLE, ULTRACENTRIFUGATION, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0173-0835},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000071948300033},
	author = {Bowser, M. T. and Bebault, G. M. and Peng, X. J. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {4101,
	title = {Variance contributed by pressure induced injection in capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	volume = {767},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: WY814Times Cited: 14Cited Reference Count: 12},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {205-216},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The contribution of variance from a pressure injection to the final analyte peak in capillary electrophoresis (CE) is studied quantitatively. The band broadening process of CE can be described by the product of the Laplace transformed contributing factors; the inverse transform of the product gives the final peak shape which is the convolution of the original functions. The CE process is, therefore, similar to the chromatographic processes described by Sternberg. Based on the additivity of the variance, the injection induced variance is transferred directly to the final peak. The differences between the concepts of band broadening and peak broadening are discussed. Because the injection length from a pressure induced injection is the same for all analytes, and the migration rates during the CE separation are different for these analytes, the variance contributed by injection is larger for slower migrating analytes. The pressure forced flow generates a parabolic component in an injected sample plug, and this should also be considered in calculating the total injection length (tau). The variance is (1/16)tau(2) for a sample plug with a Gaussian concentration profile, and (1/12)tau(2) for one with a rectangular profile. It is demonstrated that the total variance of an analyte peak increases at the same rate as the injection variance. The difference between the total variance and the injection variance is contributed by longitudinal diffusion and other factors.},
	keywords = {band broadening, injection methods, NUCLEOSIDES, nucleotides, peak broadening, peak shape, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0021-9673},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997WY81400023},
	author = {Peng, X. J. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
