@article {2163,
	title = {Cross-metathesis of the vinyl group, on tetrapyrrolic macrocycles: Reactivity, selectivity, and mechanism},
	journal = {Journal of Organic Chemistry},
	volume = {73},
	number = {17},
	year = {2008},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 344EDTimes Cited: 3Cited Reference Count: 32Liu, Xin Sternberg, Ethan Dolphin, David},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {6542-6550},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {To find a general strategy for modifying the peripheral structure of vinylchlorin and porphyrin substrates, cross-metathes is on the vinyl group of these tetrapyrrolic macrocycles was investigated. The N-heterocyclic carbene-containing ruthenium complex 3 efficiently catalyzed the cross-metathes is (CM) of vinylchlorins and vinylporphyrins with a variety of olefins in high E-stereoselectivity. Different substituents on the olefin dramatically influenced the reaction. While the chlorins were more reactive than the porphyrins (as free bases), the corresponding zinc complexes showed higher activity. The reaction mechanism was investigated, and an empirical model for selective CM was applied to our studies to direct further reactions.},
	keywords = {A DERIVATIVES, CATALYSTS, chlorins, OLEFIN METATHESIS, PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY, PHOTOSENSITIZERS, RUCL2(=CHR)(PR(3))(2)},
	isbn = {0022-3263},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000258908000009},
	author = {Liu, X. and Sternberg, E. and Dolphin, D.}
}
@article {435,
	title = {Evaluation of tetraphenyl-2,3-dihydroxychlorins as potential photosensitizers},
	journal = {Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 595XYTimes Cited: 15Cited Reference Count: 33},
	pages = {146-155},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A series of beta,beta-dihydroxychlorins derived from meso-tetraphenylporphyrins (TPPs) have been synthesized. Their in vitro cytotoxicity has been measured and compared to BPDMA (verteporfin). Under the assay conditions BPDMA had an LD50 (lethal dose to kill 50\% of cells) value of 0.007 muM (5 ng/mL). The LD50 values for the TPP derivatives varied from 1.7 x 10(-2) to 9.9 muM depending upon the substituents and their position on the phenyl groups. One example of the dihydroxychlorin prepared from unsubstituted 5,15-diphenylporphyrin was examined and this exhibited an LD50 of 2.4 x 10(-3) muM! Copyright (C) 2002 Society of Porphyrins \& Phthalocyanines.},
	keywords = {AGGREGATION, BACTERIOCHLORINS, beta, beta-dihydroxychlorins, BIODISTRIBUTION, chlorins, cytotoxicity, DERIVATIVES, photodynamic, PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY, PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES, PHOTOSENSITIZERS, porphyrins, PROTEIN-BINDING, SENSITIZERS, therapy, TUMOR PHOTOSENSITIZERS},
	isbn = {1088-4246},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000178134600008},
	author = {Macalpine, J. K. and Boch, R. and Dolphin, D.}
}
@article {399,
	title = {Studies of a benzoporphyrin derivative with Pluronics},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Chemistry-Revue Canadienne De Chimie},
	volume = {80},
	number = {10},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 623LCTimes Cited: 14Cited Reference Count: 22},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {1321-1326},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The synthetic route for the benzoporphyrin derivatives produces two regioisomers in equimolar quantities (ring A and B isomers). A derivative of the A-ring product, BPD-MA (benzoporphyrin-derivative monoacid ring A, verteporfin), has recently been approved in North America and Europe for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. The B-ring isomers, contrary to the A-ring isomers, exhibit high aggregation in many formulations, which results in inadequate drug delivery for clinical uses. To avoid aggregation, a non-ionic surfactant polymer such as a Pluronic - poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) - may be used as a formulation excipient. The triblock polymer investigated here is designated P123 (or poloxamer 403). When used to formulate a monoacid benzoporphyrin B-ring derivative (2), a critical micelle concentration of P123 in water occurred at approximately 0.015 to 0.03\%. The apparent pK(a) of compound 2 was dependent on its concentration in P123, and decreased as the molar ratio (P123:2) increased. High concentrations of P123 and neutral pH were found to be the best conditions to maintain the drug in its monomeric form. Kinetic studies suggest that the aggregate of 2 contains several molecules, and is formed by a catalyzed self-assembly process. Samples with 1 mg mL(-1) of drug, at pH = 7.4, and 4.8\% of Pluronic showed satisfactory capacity to load and keep monomers stable. This formulation has potential PDT applications.},
	keywords = {AGGREGATION, AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS, block copolymers, BPD, COPOLYMERS, DYNAMICS, formulation, micelles, PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY, photodynamic therapy (PDT), PHOTOSENSITIZERS, photosensitizing drug, Pluronic, poloxamers, porphyrins, SURFACTANTS, THERMODYNAMICS},
	isbn = {0008-4042},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000179703700007},
	author = {Hioka, N. and Chowdhary, R. K. and Chansarkar, N. and Delmarre, D. and Sternberg, E. and Dolphin, D.}
}
@article {5046,
	title = {Aggregation studies of benzoporphyrin derivative},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Chemistry-Revue Canadienne De Chimie},
	volume = {79},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 456EVTimes Cited: 11Cited Reference Count: 33},
	month = {May},
	pages = {1068-1074},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The photophysical properties of a ring B benzoporphyrin derivative 1,3-diene dimethylester were investigated in solution (water-DMSO mixtures). At low proportions of water in DMSO, the diester obeys Beer{\textquoteright}s law at all pH values and ionic strengths investigated. For solvent systems containing more than 30\% water, the extent of deviation from Beer{\textquoteright}s law as a function of porphyrin concentration is attributed to formation of porphyrin dimers. Dimerization equilibrium constants (Kd) have been determined in different percentage of solvent mixtures, using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies, and were found to exhibit a linear correlation between log (Kd) and the inverse of the dielectric constant (log (Kd) = 24.6 - 1060.4 x 1/epsilon (mix)). This equation permits the calculation of Kd in mixtures of water-DMSO.},
	keywords = {AGGREGATION, benzoporphyrin, BPD, DERIVATIVE, DIMERIZATION, FLUORESCENCE, PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY, PHOTOSENSITIZERS, porphyrins, SPECTROSCOPY, therapy},
	isbn = {0008-4042},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000170070900079},
	author = {Delmarre, D. and Hioka, N. and Boch, R. and Sternberg, E. and Dolphin, D.}
}
@article {3616,
	title = {Development and application of a nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis system for the analysis of porphyrins and their oligomers (PHOTOFRIN)},
	journal = {Analytical Biochemistry},
	volume = {241},
	number = {2},
	year = {1996},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: VV144Times Cited: 34Cited Reference Count: 23},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {143-150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {PHOTOFRIN is a complex porphyrin mixture used in the photodynamic therapy of cancer, A nonaqueous buffer with a polyether additive is used in the development of a capillary electrophoresis method for the analysis of this type of compound. This method achieves partial separation of 60 peaks for PHOTOFRIN in 30 min. A methanol-based buffer is used to improve the efficiency of the separation by decreasing the aggregation of porphyrin, and the resolution is improved by using the electroosmotic flow (EOF) to counterbalance the electrophoretic migration of the analytes. This counter-balancing EOF holds the analytes in the electric field longer, thereby improving the resolution, Brij 35 is used as a complexation reagent to adjust the selectivity and improve the efficiency of the separation, The effects that Brij 35 concentration has on the separation of both monomeric and oligomeric porphyrins are discussed. The polarity of the solvent is adjusted through the addition of water and its effect is rationalized. A qualitative fingerprinting method for characterizing PHOTOFRIN is developed, and different batches and stressed samples are studied. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc.},
	keywords = {ANIONS, FLUORESCENCE DETECTION, HEMATOPORPHYRIN, PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY, PHOTOSENSITIZERS, POLYHEMATOPORPHYRIN, SEPARATION},
	isbn = {0003-2697},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996VV14400001},
	author = {Bowser, M. T. and Sternberg, E. D. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {2962,
	title = {ANOMALOUS DOUBLE CYCLIZATION REACTIONS OF BETA-FORMYLPORPHYRINS},
	journal = {Journal of Organic Chemistry},
	volume = {59},
	number = {26},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: QA492Times Cited: 49Cited Reference Count: 23},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {7976-7985},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Treatment of nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes of 2(beta)-formyl-meso-tetraphenylporphyrins with strong acid results in intramolecular cyclization involving the carbonyl carbon and the ortho-phenyl position leading to naphthoporphyrin derivatives. However, when electron-releasing groups are present at the m-phenyl positions, a second cyclization occurs involving the 3(beta) position and the ortho position of the adjacent phenyl ring to give an additional fused ring.},
	keywords = {DERIVATIVES, PHOTOSENSITIZERS, porphyrins},
	isbn = {0022-3263},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994QA49200011},
	author = {Barloy, L. and Dolphin, D. and Dupre, D. and Wijesekera, T. P.}
}
