@article {1603,
	title = {The anti-invasive compound motuporamine C is a robust stimulator of neuronal growth cone collapse},
	journal = {Neuroscience},
	volume = {139},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 044SBTimes Cited: 7Cited Reference Count: 41},
	pages = {1263-1274},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Neuronal outgrowth is a fundamental process for normal development of the nervous system. Despite recent advances, the molecular mechanisms governing neuronal motility are still poorly understood. To provide insight into the intracellular signaling mechanisms required for neuronal outgrowth, we have characterized the effects of a compound previously identified for its anti-motility effects on transformed cells. We show that this compound, motuporamine C, acts as a robust inhibitor of chick neurite outgrowth in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, in the presence of motuporamine C, growth cone collapse is observed, followed by neurite retraction. After removal, growth cones re-extend lamellipodial and filopodial processes and re-establish motility. Neurons exposed to motuporamine C exhibit a significant upregulation of active Rho-GTP. Additionally, effector-blocking experiments using Rho and Rho-associated kinase inhibitors indicate that the Rho pathway plays a critical role in motuporamine C-mediated growth cone collapse. Thus, we have characterized a novel anti-motility compound that has a robust inhibitory effect on neuronal outgrowth and involves signaling through the Rho-Rho kinase collapse pathway. Due to these robust effects, motuporamine C may serve as a valuable tool in further examining the intracellular mechanisms associated with growth cone motility. (c) 2006 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ACTIN STRESS FIBERS, ADP-RIBOSYLATION, AXONAL GROWTH, BINDING PROTEIN-RHO, collapse, development, FOCAL ADHESIONS, growth cone, IN-VIVO, KINASE-ACTIVITY, LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID, motuporamine, NEURITE RETRACTION, outgrowth, RECEPTORS, Rho GTPase},
	isbn = {0306-4522},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000237691600009},
	author = {To, K. C. W. and Loh, K. T. and Roskelley, C. D. and Andersen, R. J. and O{\textquoteright}Connor, T. P.}
}
@article {1198,
	title = {Strongylophorine-26, a Rho-dependent inhibitor of tumor cell invasion that reduces actin stress fibers and induces nonpolarized lamellipodial extensions},
	journal = {Molecular Cancer Therapeutics},
	volume = {4},
	number = {5},
	year = {2005},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 926DETimes Cited: 6Cited Reference Count: 37},
	month = {May},
	pages = {772-778},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Strongylophorine-26, a new meroditerpenoid, was recently identified as an inhibitor of cancer cell invasion. This study was undertaken to characterize its mechanism of action. We find that strongylophorine-26 inhibits the motility of MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells on a plastic surface. Upon addition of strongylophorine-26, rapid cell contraction and depolarization occurred, followed by spreading and flattening of the entire cell. Treated cells exhibited increased membrane ruffling throughout and extended lamellipodia in all directions. Strongylophorine-26 induced a decrease in actin stress fibers, a dramatic increase in the size and number of focal adhesions, and the appearance of a dense meshwork of actin filaments around the cell periphery. Strongylophorine-26 caused a transient activation of the small GTPase Rho and treatment with the Rho inhibitor C3 exoenzyme abrogated the anti-invasive activity of strongylophorine-26. These effects are distinct from those of many motility and angiogenesis inhibitors that seem to act by a common mechanism involving the induction of actin stress fibers. This difference in mechanism of action sets strongylophorine-26 apart as an experimental anticancer agent and indicates that pharmacologic inhibition of cell migration may be achieved by mechanisms not involving the stabilization of actin stress fibers.},
	keywords = {ACTIVATION, ANGIOGENESIS, CYTOSKELETON, FAMILY, FOCAL ADHESIONS, KINASE, MIGRATION, MOTILITY, PROTEIN, SMALL GTPASE},
	isbn = {1535-7163},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000229102300009},
	author = {McHardy, L. M. and Warabi, K. and Andersen, R. J. and Roskelley, C. D. and Roberge, M.}
}
