@inbook {1092,
	title = {Arsenic in Yellowknife, Canada},
	booktitle = {Arsenic Metallurgy},
	year = {2005},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: BCA34Times Cited: 1Cited Reference Count: 33Proceedings PaperSymposium on Arsenic Metallurgy held at the TMS 2005 Annual MeetingFEB 13-17, 2005San Francisco, CATMS, Copper, Nickel, Cobalt Comm184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA},
	pages = {149-167},
	publisher = {Minerals, Metals \& Materials Soc},
	organization = {Minerals, Metals \& Materials Soc},
	address = {Warrendale},
	abstract = {The Giant Mine began gold production in Yellowknife, North West Territories, Canada, in 1948. Soon after this it was decided to store the arsenic trioxide dust from the smelter underground. The current situation is that the mine has now ceased operations leaving 260,000 tons of 78\% by weight arsenic trioxide dust stored in 15 underground chambers. The first part of the talk will outline the management options that include leaving the dust in place or removing it to the surface where further processing or stabilizing would be required. The second part addresses the approach taken to assess risk associated with surface soil contamination from mining activities. Soils from Yellowknife were differentiated according to type and organic carbon content, and subjected to an extraction system modeling the human gastro-intestinal system. The solubility, or bioaccessibility, of arsenic in soils thus obtained were then used to estimate risk from human exposure to these soils. The incorporation of bioaccessibility allows more realistic estimations of risk to be made and, in turn, aids in the development of cost-effective cleanup options.},
	keywords = {arsenic, BIOAVAILABILITY, LEAD, remediation, risk assessment, SKIN-CANCER, SOIL, Yellowknife},
	isbn = {0-87339-585-9},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000228449400011},
	author = {Cullen, W. R. and Reimer, K. J. and Koch, I. and Ollson, C. A.},
	editor = {Reddy, R. G. and Ramachandran, V.}
}
@article {1272,
	title = {A convenient way of making arsoxanes (RAsO)(n), X-ray crystal structure of (m-F3CC6H4AsO)(4)},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {19},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 893NZTimes Cited: 2Cited Reference Count: 22},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {129-131},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The reactions of RLi (R = t-Bu, m-F3CC6H4) with bis(dimethylamino)chloroarsine in diethyl ether at room temperature result in the formation of t-butyl-bis(dimethylamino)arsine (1) and m-trifluoromethylphenyl-bis(dimethylamino)arsine (2). Compounds 1 and 2 were hydrolysed in water solution in the presence of sodium carbonate to give the oxides (t-BuAsO)(n) (3) and (m-F3CC6H4AsO)(n) (4) respectively. The X-ray crystal structure of 4 shows the molecule to be cyclotetrameric with pyramidal arsenic. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {ALKYLCYCLOARSOXANES, arsenic, ARSINE, arsine oxide, crystal structure, m-trifluromethylphenylarsine oxide, m-trifluromethylphenylarsoxane, NMR, RING, t-butylarsarsoxane, t-butylarsine oxide},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000226727800024},
	author = {Sun, H. S. and Patrick, B. O. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {1229,
	title = {Hydroxytrimethylarsonium iodide, [Me3AsOH]I},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {19},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 912OSTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 7},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {384-385},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydroxytrimethylarsonium iodide, [Me3AsOH]I, was obtained from the reaction of Me2AsI and MeI in strong basic aqueous solution. The arsenic atom, lying on a mirror plane, is surrounded by one OH and three Me groups, forming a tetrahedral centre. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {arsenic, crystal structure, Mayer reaction, OXIDE, TRIMETHYLARSINE, trimethylhydroxyarsonium iodide},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000228089400018},
	author = {Patrick, B. O. and Sun, H. S. and Fricke, M. W. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {918,
	title = {Arsenic speciation in human urine: are we all the same?},
	journal = {Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology},
	volume = {198},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 844GRTimes Cited: 26Cited Reference Count: 34},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {297-306},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {we studied the arsenic speciation in human urine samples by using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). We investigated the arsenic speciation in the urine collected from nine volunteers during a 3-day period after a meal of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis. We also studied the effect of cooking on the arsenic speciation. Arsenobetaine and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) were the major arsenic metabolites found in the urine samples. Significant amounts of unknown metabolites were also detected. The excretion patterns of arsenic from individuals were generally similar except for two subjects. One of whom excreted high amounts of arsenobetaine even though no arsenic-rich food was eaten for 3 days before the experiment. The results reveal that we need a better understanding of the metabolism of arsenic compounds by human. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {arsenic, arsenobetaine, arsenosugar, ENVIRONMENT, HPLC, ICP-MS, IDENTIFICATION, INGESTION, LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, MASS-SPECTROMETRY, METABOLITES, METHYLATED ARSENICALS, mussel, PRODUCTS, TRIVALENT, urine},
	isbn = {0041-008X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000223146600007},
	author = {Lai, V. W. M. and Sun, Y. M. and Ting, E. and Cullen, W. R. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {877,
	title = {Arsenic uptake by the Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesie)},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {18},
	number = {12},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 880PLTimes Cited: 2Cited Reference Count: 26International Conference on Environmental and Biological Aspects of Main Group OrganometallicsDEC 03-05, 2003Pau, FRANCE},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {626-630},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {The Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesie) growing in an arsenic-rich gold-bearing region contains elevated arsenic concentrations in new-growth stems (374ppm dry weight (dw)) and needles (257ppm dw). Speciation of methanol-water extracts by using high-performance liquid chromatography- inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry show that arsenite is the major species in needles but arsenate is more dominant in stems. Only traces of methylarsenicals are present. Arsenic concentrations in other tree species growing in the region are generally much lower; dimethylarsinate was extracted from a spruce cone. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {accumulation, arsenic, CANADA, CONTAMINATED SOILS, Douglas fir, ENVIRONMENT, fern, gold mine, HPLC-ICP-MS, HYPERACCUMULATOR, PHYTOCHELATINS, PLANTS, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000225801600005},
	author = {Haug, C. M. and Reimer, K. J. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {663,
	title = {Arsenic methylation by micro-organisms isolated from sheepskin bedding materials},
	journal = {Human \& Experimental Toxicology},
	volume = {22},
	number = {6},
	year = {2003},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 696NKTimes Cited: 6Cited Reference Count: 48},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {325-334},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been associated with the volatilization of arsenic, antimony or phosphorus compounds from infants{\textquoteright} bedding material by micro-organisms, the so-called {\textquoteright}toxic gas hypothesis{\textquoteright}. The volatilization of arsenic by aerobic micro-organisms isolated from new sheepskin bedding material, as well as on material used by a healthy infant and by an infant who perished of SIDS, was examined. Three fungi were isolated from a piece of sheepskin bedding material on which an infant perished of SIDS, which methylated arsenic to form trimethylarsenic(V) species, precursors to volatile trimethylarsine. These three fungi were identified as Scopulariopsis koningii, Fomitopsis pinicola and Penicillium gladioli by their 26S-ribosomal RNA polymerase chain reaction products. These fungi were not previously known to methylate arsenic. The volatilization of arsenic by these three fungi was then examined. Only R gladioli volatilized arsenic and only under conditions such that the production of sufficient trimethylarsine to be acutely toxic to an infant is unlikely. S. brevicaulis grew on the sheepskin bedding material and evolved a trace amount of trimethylarsine. Known human pathogens such as Mycobacterium neoaurum and Acinetobacter junii were isolated from used bedding.},
	keywords = {ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS, arsenic, BIOMETHYLATION, COT MATTRESSES, fungi, GAS, hypothesis, IDENTIFICATION, INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME, METHYLATION, SCOPULARIOPSIS-BREVICAULIS, SPECIATION, sudden infant death syndrome, toxic gas, TRIMETHYLARSINE, VOLATILIZATION},
	isbn = {0960-3271},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000183892800008},
	author = {Lehr, C. R. and Polishchuk, E. and Delisle, M. C. and Franz, C. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {664,
	title = {Demethylation of methylarsenic species by Mycobacterium neoaurum},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {17},
	number = {11},
	year = {2003},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 737CBTimes Cited: 6Cited Reference Count: 26},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {831-834},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Mycobacterium neoaurum demethylates both methylarsonic acid and methylarsonous acid to mixtures of arsenate and arsenite. After 28 days of incubation, the yields of inorganic arsenic were 27\% from arsenate and 43\% from arsenite. A time study of the demethylation of methylarsonic acid by M. neoaurum showed that demethylation occurs rapidly during the growth and stationary phases of the bacterium, and indicates that MMA(V) is reductively demethylated to arsenite. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {ACID, arsenic, ARSENICALS, ARSINE, CANDIDA-HUMICOLA, DEGRADATION, demethylation, METABOLITES, methylarsonic acid, methylarsonous acid, MICROORGANISMS, Mycobacterium neoaurum, RATS, REDUCTION, SOIL},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000186209800002},
	author = {Lehr, C. R. and Polishchuk, E. and Radoja, U. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {427,
	title = {Arsenic speciation in whelks, Bucciunum undatum},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {16},
	number = {8},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 582FYTimes Cited: 6Cited Reference Count: 2510th International Symposium on Natural and Industrial Arsenic of the Japanese-Arsenic-Scientists-SocietyNOV 29-30, 2001TOKYO, JAPANJapanese Arsen Scientists Soc},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {458-462},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {The arsenic species present in the foot muscle of whelks, Buccinum undatum, collected from Newfoundland, Canada, were characterized by using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. All samples contain high amounts of arsenic, mostly over 100 mug g(-1) (as arsenic, dry weight basis), and one sample contained up to 1360 mug g(-1). These values are considerably higher than those reported in other gastropods. Speciation studies of representative samples revealed arsenobetaine as the major water-soluble arsenic compound, together with trace amounts of an arsenosugar. No inorganic arsenic species were detected in the sample extracts, indicating that consumption of the whelks poses little human risk. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {arsenic, arsenobetaine, arsenosugar, HPLC, ICP-MS, LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, MASS SPECTROMETRY, SPECIATION, whelks},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000177340200011},
	author = {Lai, V. W. M. and Beach, A. S. and Cullen, W. R. and Ray, S. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {361,
	title = {Determination of arsenic species in a freshwater crustacean Procambarus clarkii},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {16},
	number = {3},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 521YCTimes Cited: 14Cited Reference Count: 37},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {123-132},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The arsenic species present in samples of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii caught in the area affected by the toxic mine-tailing spill at Aznalcollar (Seville, Southern Spain) were analyzed. The total arsenic contents ranged between 1.2 and 8.5 mug g(-1) dry mass (DM). With regard to the different species of arsenic, the highest concentrations were for inorganic arsenic (0.34-5.4 mug g(-1) DM), whereas arsenobetaine, unlike the situation found in marine fish products, was not the major arsenic species (0.16 +/- 0.09 mug g(-1) DM). Smaller concentrations were found of arsenosugars la (0.18 +/- 0.11 mug g(-1) DM), 1b (0.077 +/- 0.049 mug g(-1) DM), 1c (0.080 +/- 0.089 mug g(-1) DM), and 1d (0.14 +/- 0.13 mug g(-1) DM). The presence of two unknown arsenic species was revealed (U1: 0.058 +/- 0.058 mug g(-1) DM; U2: 0.12 +/- 0.12 mug g(-1) DM). No significant differences were seen with respect to the total arsenic contents between the sexes. However, significant differences in the total arsenic contents were revealed between the area affected by the spill and the area not affected, the contents being greater in the affected area. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {arsenic, arsenic species, arsenobetaine, arsenosugars, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, CADMIUM, crayfish, crustacean, ENVIRONMENT, FISH, freshwater, LEAD, MASS-SPECTROMETRY, PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, SEAFOOD PRODUCTS, WATER MARSH},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000173868100002},
	author = {Devesa, V. and Suner, M. A. and Lai, V. W. M. and Granchinho, S. C. R. and Martinez, J. M. and Velez, D. and Cullen, W. R. and Montoro, R.}
}
@article {362,
	title = {Distribution of arsenic species in the freshwater crustacean Procambarus clarkii},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {16},
	number = {12},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 622PGTimes Cited: 2Cited Reference Count: 25},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {692-700},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The concentrations of total arsenic and arsenic species in the complete organism of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and its various parts (hepatopancreas, tail, and remaining parts) were analyzed in order to discover the distribution of arsenic and its species. With this information it will be possible to establish where the chemical forms of this metalloid tend to accumulate and what risks may derive from the contents and species present in the edible parts of this crustacean. The total arsenic content in the complete organism and in the various parts analyzed ranged from 2.5 to 12 mug g(-1) dry mass (DM), with inorganic arsenic representing 18 to 34\% of total arsenic. The arsenical composition varied according to the part of the crayfish considered. The hepatopancreas had the highest levels of total arsenic (9.2-12 mug g(-1) DM) and inorganic arsenic (2.7-3.2 mug g(-1) DM). The tail (edible part) had the lowest levels of both total arsenic (2.5-2.6 mug g(-1) DM) and inorganic arsenic (0.46-0.64 mug g(-1) DM). The predominant organoarsenical species were the dimethylarsinoylribosides: glycerol riboside in the hepatopancreas, sulfate riboside in the tail, and sulfonate and phosphate ribosides in the remaining parts. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {arsenic, arsenic species, arsenosugars, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, BIOACCUMULATION, crayfish, DIGESTION, ENVIRONMENT, FISH, freshwater, heptopancreas, MASS-SPECTROMETRY, PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, PRODUCTS, SEAFOOD, SPECIATION, tail muscle},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000179655000002},
	author = {Devesa, V. and Suner, M. A. and Lai, V. W. M. and Granchinho, S. C. R. and Velez, D. and Cullen, W. R. and Martinez, J. M. and Montoro, R.}
}
@article {330,
	title = {Plasmid DNA damage caused by methylated arsenicals, ascorbic acid and human liver ferritin},
	journal = {Toxicology Letters},
	volume = {133},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 575QMTimes Cited: 46Cited Reference Count: 499th International Congress of ToxicologyJUL 08-12, 2001BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {47-57},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {Both dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) release iron from human liver ferritin (HLF) with or without the presence of ascorbic acid. With ascorbic acid the rate of iron release from HLF by DMA(V) was intermediate (3.37 nM/min, P < 0.05) and by DMA(III) was much higher (16.3 nM/min, P < 0.001). No pBR322 plasmid DNA damage was observed from in vitro exposure to arsenate (iAs(V)), arsenite (iAs(III)), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)), monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) or DMA(V) alone. DNA damage was observed following DMA(III) exposure; coexposure to DMA(III) and HLF caused more DNA damage; considerably higher amounts of DNA damage was caused by coexposure of DMA(III), HLF and ascorbic acid. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (an iron chelator), significantly inhibited DNA damage. Addition of catalase (which can increase Fe2+ concentrations) further increased the plasmid DNA damage. Iron-dependent DNA damage could be a mechanism of action of human arsenic carcinogenesis. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {arsenic, BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS, CARCINOGENESIS, DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID, dimethylarsinous acid, DMA(111), DNA damage, ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS, human liver ferritin, INDUCTION, INORGANIC ARSENICS, iron, MICE, MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID, reactive oxygen, species, STRAND BREAKS},
	isbn = {0378-4274},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000176959200005},
	author = {Ahmad, S. and Kitchin, K. T. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {388,
	title = {Transformation of arsenic(V) by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum melonis isolated from the alga Fucus gardneri},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {16},
	number = {12},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 622PGTimes Cited: 11Cited Reference Count: 18},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {721-726},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A fungus isolated from the macroalga Fucus gardneri was identified by using 28S rDNA sequence analysis, 99\% similarity match, as Fusarium oxysporum meloni. The fungus was exposed to arsenic(V) (500 ppb) in artificial seawater to investigate the possibility that the fungus is the source of the metabolic activity that results in the presence of arsenosugars in the macroalga. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to identify the arsenic species in the fungus, and in the growth medium. The fungus was able to accumulate arsenic(V) and an increase in arsenite and dimethylarsinate was also observed. Some reduction of arsenate led to a small increase of arsenite in the growth medium. The fungus does not seem to be involved with the accumulation of arsenosugars by the Fucus. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {(PCR), arsenic, BIOACCUMULATION, fungus, inductively coupled plasma, polymerase chain reaction, rDNA, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000179655000006},
	author = {Granchinho, S. C. R. and Franz, C. M. and Polishchuk, E. and Cullen, W. R. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {5168,
	title = {The arsenic eaters of Styria: a different picture of people who were chronically exposed to arsenic},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 435TUTimes Cited: 7Cited Reference Count: 38},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {457-462},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {We have reviewed the case of residents of Styria, Austria, who are reported to have consumed large quantities of arsenic oxide (300-400 mg per dose) and remained in good health. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, arsenic, Austria, DRINKING-WATER, health effects, INGESTION, Styria},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000168897900003},
	author = {Przygoda, G. and Feldmann, J. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {5118,
	title = {Arsenic speciation in sea scallop gonads},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 435TUTimes Cited: 15Cited Reference Count: 19},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {533-538},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The arsenic species in male and female sea scallop gonads (Placopecten magellanicus) at pre-spawning and post-spawning stages, collected near Newfoundland, Canada, were characterized by using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, All samples contain arsenobetaine (0.5-3.0 mug g(-1)) and a dimethylarsinoylriboside derivative as the major water-soluble arsenic compounds. Male pre-spawning gonads contain 0.35-2.4 mug g(-1) of the dimethylarsinoylriboside, Female pre-spawning gonads contain 0.47-9.64 mug g(-1) of the same compound. Postspawning gonads, both male and female, contain higher concentrations of this compound (3.7-11.4 mug g(-1)). The total concentrations of water-soluble arsenic compounds are different in male and female pre-spawning gonads. These differences are not obvious in post-spawning gonads. Post-spawning gonads contain higher total concentrations of water-soluble arsenic compounds than pre-spawning gonads. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {arsenic, arsenobetaine, arsenosugar, HEPATOCYTES, HPLC, ICP-MS, MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID, RAT, scallops, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000168897900012},
	author = {Lai, V. W. M. and Cullen, W. R. and Ray, S.}
}
@article {5085,
	title = {Biomethylation and bioaccumulation of arsenic(V) by marine alga Fucus gardneri},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 435TUTimes Cited: 14Cited Reference Count: 23},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {553-560},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The brown alga, Fucus gardneri, was collected from Vancouver Island, B,C,, Canada. Fucus samples were acclimated in seawater and then exposed to arsenic(V) in artificial seawater, all under axenic conditions. The arsenic species in the Fucus samples were extracted into 1:1 methanol-H2O and identified by using ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS), Anion-exchange HPLC-ICP-MS was used to identify the arsenic species in the growth medium. It was found that similar to 73\% of the original arsenosugars in the F, gardneri samples were lost during the acclimation period. Arsenite [As(III)] and dimethylarsenate [DMA] concentration increased in the Fucus samples after exposure to arsenate [As(V)], A small increase in the concentration of an arsenosugar was seen during this period, accompanied by a further decrease in the concentration of two other arsenosugars. The experiments provided very little evidence for the hypothesis that arsenosugars are produced by the macroalgae. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {(ICP-MS), accumulation, ALGAE, arsenic, arsenite [As(III)], arsenosugar, biotransformation, chromatography (HPLC), dimethylarsenate [DMA], ENVIRONMENT, Fucus gardneri, high-performance liquid, IDENTIFICATION, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000168897900015},
	author = {Granchinho, S. C. R. and Polishchuk, E. and Cullen, W. R. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {5045,
	title = {Determination of trivalent methylated arsenicals in biological matrices},
	journal = {Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology},
	volume = {174},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 464KTTimes Cited: 129Cited Reference Count: 67},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {282-293},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The enzymatically catalyzed oxidative methylation of As yields methylated arsenicals that contain pentavalent As (As-V). Because trivalent As (As-III) is the favored substrate for this methyltransferase, methylated arsenicals containing As-V are reduced to trivalency in cells. Methylated arsenicals that contain As-III are extremely potent inhibitors of NADPH-dependent flavoprotein oxidoreductases and potent cytotoxins in many cell types. Therefore, the formation of methylated arsenicals that contain As-III may be properly regarded as an activation step, rather than a means of detoxification. Recognition of the role of methylated arsenicals that contain As-III in the toxicity and metabolism of As emphasizes the need for analytical methods to detect and quantify these species in biological samples. Hence, a method was developed to exploit pH-dependent differences in the generation of arsines from inorganic and methylated arsenicals that contain either As-V or As-III. Reduction with borohydride at pH 6 generated arsines from inorganic As-III, methyl As-III, and dimethyl As-III, but not from inorganic As-V, methyl As-V, and dimethyl As-V. Reduction with borohydride at pH 2 or lower generated arsines from arsenicals that contained either As-V or As-III. Arsines are trapped in a liquid nitrogen-cooled gas chromatographic trap, which is subsequently warmed to allow separation of the hydrides by their boiling points. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry is used to detect and quantify the arsines. The detection limits (ng As ml(-1)) for inorganic As-III, methyl As-III, and dimethyl As-III are 1.1, 1.2, and 6.5, respectively. This method has been applied to the analysis of arsenicals in water, human urine, and cultured cells. Both methyl As-III. and dimethyl As-III are detected in urine samples from individuals who chronically consumed inorganic As-contaminated water and in human cells exposed in vitro to inorganic As-III. The reliable quantitation of inorganic and methylated arsenicals that contain As-III. in biological samples will aid the study of the toxicity of these species and may provide a new biomarker of the effects of chronic exposure to As. (C) 2001 Academic Press.},
	keywords = {analysis, arsenic, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, biological matrices, CANCER MORTALITY, DIABETES-MELLITUS, DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID, DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRINKING-WATER, ENZYMATIC, HUMAN URINE, HYDRIDE GENERATION, MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS, MASS-SPECTROMETRY, METABOLISM, methylated arsenic, METHYLATION, MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID MMA(III), pentavalent arsenic, STABILITY, TOXICITY, trivalent arsenic},
	isbn = {0041-008X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000170532300010},
	author = {Del Razo, L. M. and Styblo, M. and Cullen, W. R. and Thomas, D. J.}
}
@article {4718,
	title = {Antimony biomethylation by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis: characterization of intermediates and the methyl donor},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	volume = {41},
	number = {11},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 345WVTimes Cited: 15Cited Reference Count: 23},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1717-1725},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The filamentous fungus Scopulauiopsis brevicaulis biomethylates inorganic antimony(III) compounds to trimethylstibine, that can be detected in culture headspace gases. Dimethylantimony and trimethylantimony species have been detected in the medium of these cultures, but the origin of these species was controversial. We now show that the dimethylantimony species is a true intermediate on the pathway to trimethylstibine (rather than arising from trimethylstibine oxidation or as an analytical artifact) because no dimethylantimony species are formed on trimethylstibine oxidation, as determined by using HG-GC-AAS. Furthermore, the dimethylantimony and trimethylantimony species can be separated, by using anion exchange chromatography, and so the dimethylantimony species is not an analytical artifact, formed during the hydride generation process. The antimony biomethylation mechanism was further probed by measuring incorporation of the methyl group, from (CD3)-C-13-L-methionine and CD3-D-methionine, into methylantimony species and, for comparison, into methylarsenic species. The percentage incorporation of the labeled methyl group into methylarsenic and methylantimony species was not significantly different. The incorporation from (CD3)-C-13-L-methionine was 54\% and 47\% for antimony and arsenic, respectively. The incorporation from CD3-D-methionine was 20\% and 16\% for antimony and arsenic, respectively. It appears that the biomethylation of arsenic and antimony occur by very similar, perhaps identical, mechanisms. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {APIOTRICHUM-HUMICOLA, arsenic, dimethylantimony, GENERATION, GROWTH, INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME, INORGANIC ANTIMONY, METHIONINE, RELEVANCE, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, SPECIATION, trimethylantimony, TRIMETHYLARSINE, trimethylstibine, trimethylstibine oxidation},
	isbn = {0045-6535},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000088838900002},
	author = {Andrewes, P. and Cullen, W. R. and Polishchuk, E.}
}
@article {4854,
	title = {Arsenic species in terrestrial fungi and lichens from Yellowknife, NWT, Canada},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {14},
	number = {5},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 318XXTimes Cited: 30Cited Reference Count: 31},
	month = {May},
	pages = {245-252},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Levels of total arsenic and arsenic species were determined in fungi collected from Yellowknife, NWT, Canada, an area that has been affected by past mining activities and elevated arsenic levels, Lichens (belonging to Cladonia and Cladina genera), as well as the mushrooms Coprinus comatus, Paxillus involutus, Psathyrella candolleana and Leccinum scabrum, were studied for the first time, Most of the fungi contained elevated arsenic levels with respect to data found in the literature for background levels. Minor amounts of arsenobetaine were found in all lichen samples. The major water-soluble arsenic species in the fungi mere inorganic arsenic for lichens and Psathyrella candolleana, arsenobetaine for Lycoperdon pyriforme and Coprinus comatus, and dimethylarsenate for Paxillus involutus and Leccinum scabrum. A large proportion of water-soluble arsenic in Paxillus involutus occurred as an unknown compound, which did not co-chromatograph with any of the available standard arsenic compounds. Low proportions of water-soluble arsenic species (made evident by low extraction efficiencies) were observed in the majority of fungi studied. Arsenic that is not extracted may be bound to lipids, cell components or proteins, or might exist on the surface of the fungus as minerals. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {AMANITA-MUSCARIA, arsenic, arsenobetaine, ARSENOCHOLINE, lichens, mining, MUSHROOM, mushrooms, ORGANISMS, SEDIMENTS, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000087310900003},
	author = {Koch, I. and Wang, L. X. and Reimer, K. J. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {4717,
	title = {Arsenic species that cause release of iron from ferritin and generation of activated oxygen},
	journal = {Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics},
	volume = {382},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 367PNTimes Cited: 90Cited Reference Count: 61},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {195-202},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The in vitro effects of four different species of arsenic (arsenate, arsenite, monomethylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid) in mobilizing iron from horse spleen ferritin under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were investigated. Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA((V))) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA((III))) significantly released iron from horse spleen ferritin either with or without the presence of ascorbic acid, a strong synergistic agent. Ascorbic acid-mediated iron release was time-dependent as well as both (DMA((III))) and ferritin concentration-dependent. Iron release from ferritin by DMA((III)) alone or with ascorbic acid was not significantly inhibited by superoxide dismutase (150 or 300 units/ml). However, the iron release was greater under anaerobic conditions (nitrogen gas), which indicates direct chemical reduction of iron from ferritin by DMA((III)), with or without ascorbic acid. Both DMA((V)) and DMA((III)) released iron from both horse spleen and human liver ferritin. Further, the release of ferritin-iron by DMA((III)) with ascorbic acid catalyzed bleomycin-dependent degradation of calf thymus DNA. These results indicate that exogenous methylated arsenic species and endogenous ascorbic acid can cause (a) the release of iron from ferritin, (b) the iron-dependent formation of reactive oxygen species, and (c) DNA damage. This reactive oxygen species pathway could be a mechanism of action of arsenic carcinogenesis in man. (C) 2000 Academic Press.},
	keywords = {arsenic, ascorbic acid, BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS, DAMAGE, DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID, DNA-DAMAGE, ferritin, FREE-RADICALS, INORGANIC ARSENICS, iron, LIPID-PEROXIDATION, MAIN METABOLITE, OXIDATIVE, oxygen species, REACTIVE, reactive oxygen, VITAMIN-C},
	isbn = {0003-9861},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000090070800005},
	author = {Ahmad, S. and Kitchin, K. T. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {4942,
	title = {Comparative toxicity of trivalent and pentavalent inorganic and methylated arsenicals in rat and human cells},
	journal = {Archives of Toxicology},
	volume = {74},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 349ZATimes Cited: 358Cited Reference Count: 37},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {289-299},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Biomethylation is considered a major detoxification pathway for inorganic arsenicals (iAs). According to the postulated metabolic scheme, the methylation of iAs yields methylated metabolites in which arsenic is present in both pentavalent and trivalent forms. Pentavalent mono- and dimethylated arsenicals are less acutely toxic than iAs. However, little is known about the toxicity of trivalent methylated species. In the work reported here the toxicities of iAs and trivalent and pentavalent methylated arsenicals were examined in cultured human cells derived from tissues that are considered a major site for iAs methylation (liver) or targets for carcinogenic effects associated with exposure to iAs (skin, urinary bladder, and lung). To characterize the role of methylation in the protection against toxicity of arsenicals, the capacities of cells to produce methylated metabolites were also examined. In addition to human cells, primary rat hepatocytes were used as methylating controls. Among the arsenicals examined, trivalent monomethylated species were the most cytotoxic in all cell types. Trivalent dimethylated arsenicals were at least as cytotoxic as trivalent iAs (arsenite) for most cell types. Pentavalent arsenicals were significantly less cytotoxic than their trivalent analogs. Among the cell types examined, primary rat hepatocytes exhibited the greatest methylation capacity for iAs followed by primary human hepatocytes, epidermal keratinocytes, and bronchial epithelial cells. Cells derived from human bladder did not methylate iAs. There was no apparent correlation between susceptibility of cells to arsenic toxicity and their capacity to methylate iAs. These results suggest that (1) trivalent methylated arsenicals, intermediary products of arsenic methylation, may significantly contribute to the adverse effects associated with exposure to iAs, and (2) high methylation capacity does not protect cells from the acute toxicity of trivalent arsenicals.},
	keywords = {ARSENATE, arsenic, ARSENITE, BINDING, bladder, cell culture, CELLULAR UPTAKE, DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID, dimethylarsinous acid, DRINKING-WATER, ENZYMATIC METHYLATION, GLUTATHIONE, HEPATOCYTES, HUMAN, IN-VITRO METHYLATION, LIVER, lung, METABOLISM, methylarsonic acid, methylarsonous acid, METHYLATION, RABBIT LIVER, SKIN, TOXICITY},
	isbn = {0340-5761},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000089074500001},
	author = {Styblo, M. and Del Razo, L. M. and Vega, L. and Germolec, D. R. and LeCluyse, E. L. and Hamilton, G. A. and Reed, W. and Wang, C. and Cullen, W. R. and Thomas, D. J.}
}
@article {4720,
	title = {Interaction of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, and other microorganisms, with 10,10 {\textquoteright}-oxybisphenoxarsine (OBPA)},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 331GVTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 13},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {364-370},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The fungicide 10,10{\textquoteright}-oxybisphenoxarsine (OBPA) is widely used in consumer products, such as shower curtains, wall coverings and carpets, A possibility exists that microorganisms might be able to degrade OBPA to produce volatile trimethylarsine, If this did occur, then in certain situations enough trimethylarsine might be produced to be a hazard, In this study, we cultured microorganisms in medium containing OBPA, and examined the medium for possible degradation products, We used Scopulariopsis brevicaulis in one experiment, because this microorganism is known for its ability to biomethylate arsenic, OBPA-tolerant microorganisms, isolated from a soil contaminated with arylarsenic compounds, were used in a second series of experiments, We found no evidence of complete microbiological cleavage of aryl-arsenic bonds in any of the cultures, and no significant amount of trimethylarsine was detected in the headspace of S. brevicaulis cultures, Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {10, 10 {\textquoteright}-oxybisphenoxarsine, arsenic, cyanodiphenylarsine, HUMICOLA, OBPA, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, SIDS, SPECIATION, TRIMETHYLARSINE},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000088010700005},
	author = {Andrewes, P. and Cullen, W. R. and Wang, C. Q. and Polishchuk, E. and Liao, T.}
}
@article {4586,
	title = {Arsenic in the Meager Creek hot springs environment, British Columbia, Canada},
	journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
	volume = {236},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 243EGTimes Cited: 66Cited Reference Count: 59},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {101-117},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Levels of arsenic in water from Meager Creek hot springs, British Columbia, Canada, were found to be naturally elevated. Biota including microbial mats, green algae, sedge, cedar, fleabane, monkey flower, moss, mushrooms and lichens, that were expected to be impacted by the water, were analyzed for total levels of arsenic and for arsenic species. The major arsenic species extracted from all samples were arsenate and arsenite, which are toxic forms of arsenic. Additionally, small amounts of arsenosugars X and XI were detected in microbial mats and green algae, implying that cyanobacteria/bacteria, and possibly green algae are capable of synthesizing arsenosugars from arsenate. Low to trace amounts of arsenosugars X and XI were detected in lichens and the fungus Tarzetta cupularis. A large fraction (on average, greater than 50\%) of arsenic was not extracted by using methanol/water (1:1) and the chemical and toxicological significance of this arsenic remains unknown. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ALGA, arsenic, BIOACCUMULATION, BIOMETHYLATION, ESTUARINE WATERS, FATE, fungi, hot springs, microbial mats, ORGANISMS, ORIGIN, PLANTS, SPECIATION, WATER FOOD-CHAIN},
	isbn = {0048-9697},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000082983600008},
	author = {Koch, I. and Feldmann, J. and Wang, L. X. and Andrewes, P. and Reimer, K. J. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {4593,
	title = {Arsenic speciation in scallops},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {66},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 214FQTimes Cited: 42Cited Reference Count: 33},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {81-89},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The arsenic species present in the muscle and the gonad of scallops collected near Newfoundland were characterized by using high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). The adductor muscle of the scallops (2.1-9.4 mu g As g(-1)) contains arsenobetaine (AsB) as the major water-soluble arsenic compound. The gonads of the scallops (7.3-44.1 mu g As g(-1)) contain dimethylarsinoylriboside derivatives as the major arsenic compound, as well as lower amounts of AsB. No inorganic arsenic species was detected in the sample extracts indicating that consumption of the scallops poses little human risk. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {arsenic, arsenobetaine, arsenosugar, CONTAINING RIBOFURANOSIDES, HPLC, ICP-MS, IDENTIFICATION, SAMPLES, scallops, SEAWEED, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0304-4203},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000081318300004},
	author = {Lai, V. W. M. and Cullen, W. R. and Ray, S.}
}
@article {4321,
	title = {Seasonal changes in arsenic speciation in Fucus species},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {12},
	number = {4},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ZH050Times Cited: 27Cited Reference Count: 19},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {243-251},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Arsenic speciation in a brown alga, Fucus gardneri, collected in Vancouver, B.C., Canada, was carried out by using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS), Hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS) was used for total arsenic determination. The relative amounts of some arsenosugars 1 in growing tips are found to be different in comparison with the remainder of the plant. Fucus samples collected in summer contain 9 ppm of total arsenic. Most of the arsenic species are extractable. Fucus samples collected in winter contain relatively higher amounts of arsenic, 16-22 ppm, but only low amounts of this are extractable. (C) 1998 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {ALGAE, arsenic, arsenosugar, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, DISTICHUS, Fucus gardneri, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), inductively coupled, plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), POPULATION, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000073067100002},
	author = {Lai, V. W. M. and Cullen, W. R. and Harrington, C. F. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {4043,
	title = {The characterization of arsenosugars in commercially available algal products including a Nostoc species of terrestrial origin},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {11},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YB269Times Cited: 77Cited Reference Count: 28},
	month = {Oct-Nov},
	pages = {797-803},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The arsenic species present in a range of commercially available dried-algal food products were characterized by HPLC-ICP-MS, The products of marine origin contain up to four dimethylarsinylribosides (1) in the 8-49 ppm range and some also contain dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA). These species are easily extracted and account for most of the arsenic burden. One sample of a freshwater alga Nostoc sp, was found to contain a lower concentration of arsenic, 3 ppm, and only 34\% of this was extractable, The extract representing 1 ppm of arsenic contained one of the arsenosugars 1 found in the marine samples (93\%), the rest being DMAA, This is the first report of the identification of an arsenosugar from an organism of terrestrial origin, The implications of this result in connection with the global arsenic cycle are discussed. (C) 1997 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {(ICP-MS), ACID, ALGAE, arsenic, ARSENIC-CONTAINING RIBOFURANOSIDES, arsenobetaine, arsenosugar, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, chromatography (HPLC), high-performance liquid, IDENTIFICATION, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, SEAWEED, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997YB26900005},
	author = {Lai, V. W. M. and Cullen, W. R. and Harrington, C. F. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {3987,
	title = {The identification of some water-soluble arsenic species in the marine brown algae Fucus distichus},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {11},
	number = {12},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YL564Times Cited: 18Cited Reference Count: 17},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {931-940},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The extraction and clean-up procedures developed to isolate the water-soluble arsenic species present in the marine macroalga Fucus distichus, from British Columbia, Canada, are described, The arsenic species were extracted into methanol and then subjected to gel-permeation and ion-exchange chromatography, Fractions high in arsenic were identified by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS), and further investigated by using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP MS), By using different HPLC columns and mobile-phase conditions, the four major arsenic-containing compounds present in the macroalga were positively identified as arsenosugars; one minor compound remained unidentified. (C) 1997 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {(ICP MS), arsenic, arsenosugars, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, chromatography (HPLC), CONTAINING RIBOFURANOSIDES, Fucus distichus, high-performance liquid, HPLC-ICP MS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, SEAWEED},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997YL56400001},
	author = {Harrington, C. F. and Ojo, A. A. and Lai, V. W. M. and Reimer, K. J. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {3139,
	title = {EVALUATION OF MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION/IONIZATION TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ORGANOARSENIC COMPOUNDS OF ENVIRONMENTAL INTEREST},
	journal = {Biological Mass Spectrometry},
	volume = {23},
	number = {12},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: PX594Times Cited: 9Cited Reference Count: 45},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {749-755},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was investigated for arsenic speciation of compounds of environmental interest. It is a very sensitive mass spectrometric technique which can detect as little as 0.3 ng of arsenic or 4 pmol of the arsenical under investigation. This feature suggests that the method could be used for the identification of minor arsenic components in environmental samples, Additional advantages of the technique are its capability of providing molecular ions as well as fragment ions for a variety of arsenicals, and allowing for a certain degree of control in compound fragmentation, by adjusting the N-2 laser power. Quantitative analysis by MALDI-TOF-MS is still considered a highly unreliable procedure since many variables associated with sample preparation and analytical procedure can seriously affect the results.},
	keywords = {arsenic, arsenobetaine, ARSENOCHOLINE, COMPOUNDS, CONFIRMATION, desorption, FAST ATOM BOMBARDMENT, IDENTIFICATION, OLIGOSACCHARIDES, PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {1052-9306},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994PX59400005},
	author = {Pergantis, S. A. and Cullen, W. R. and Eigendorf, G. K.}
}
@article {3002,
	title = {IDENTIFICATION OF EXTRACELLULAR ARSENICAL METABOLITES IN THE GROWTH-MEDIUM OF THE MICROORGANISMS APIOTRICHUM-HUMICOLA AND SCOPULARIOPSIS-BREVICAULIS},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {8},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: PD643Times Cited: 34Cited Reference Count: 28},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {303-311},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The separation and identification of some of the arsenic species produced in cells present in the growth medium when the microorganisms Apiotrichum humicola (previously known as Candida humicola) and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis were grown in the presence of arsenicals were achieved by using hydride generation-gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry methodology (HG GC AA). Arsenite, monomethylarsonate, dimethylarsinate and trimethylarsine oxide were detected following incubation with arsenate. With arsenite as a substrate, the metabolites were monomethylarsonate, dimethylarsinate and trimethylarsine oxide; monomethylarsonate afforded dimethylarsinate and trimethylarsine oxide, and dimethylarsinate afforded trimethylarsine oxide. Trimethylarsine was not detected when the arsenic concentration was 1 ppm.},
	keywords = {APIOTRICHUM-HUMICOLA, arsenic, CANDIDA-HUMICOLA, DIMETHYULARSINATE, ENDOCELLULAR, EXTRACELLULAR, GROWTH MEDIUM, HYDRIDE GENERATION GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, METHYLARSONATE, METHYLATION, mobility, SCOPULARIOPSIS-BREVICAULIS, TRIMETHYLARSINE, TRIMETHYLARSINE OXIDE},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994PD64300003},
	author = {Cullen, W. R. and Li, H. and Hewitt, G. and Reimer, K. J. and Zalunardo, N.}
}
@article {3003,
	title = {THE METHYLATION OF ARSENATE BY A MARINE ALGA POLYPHYSA-PENICULUS IN THE PRESENCE OF L-METHIONINE-METHYL-D(3)},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	volume = {28},
	number = {5},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: NC959Times Cited: 13Cited Reference Count: 39},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {1009-1019},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Polyphysa peniculus growing in artificial seawater methylates arsenate to produce a dimethylarsenic derivative, probably dimethylarsinate. When L-methionine-methyl-d3 is added to the culture the CD3 label is incorporated intact in the dimethylarsenic compound to a considerable extent, indicating that S-adenosylmethionine, or some related sulphonium compound, is involved in the biological methylation. Conclusive evidence of the CD3 incorporation was provided by using a specially developed hydride generation-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methodology.},
	keywords = {ALGAE, arsenic, COMPOUNDS, CONTAINING RIBOFURANOSIDES, ENVIRONMENT, GENERATION GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY (HG-GC-MS), hydride, IDENTIFICATION, KELP ECKLONIA-RADIATA, L-METHIONINE-METHYL-D(3), METHYLARSENIC COMPOUNDS, METHYLATION, NATURAL-WATERS, ORGANOARSENIC, REDUCTION, SPECIATION, SPECTROMETRY},
	isbn = {0045-6535},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994NC95900016},
	author = {Cullen, W. R. and Li, H. and Pergantis, S. A. and Eigendorf, G. K. and Harrison, L. G.}
}
@article {2973,
	title = {METHYLATION OF ARSENIC BY ANAEROBIC MICROBIAL CONSORTIA ISOLATED FROM LAKE SEDIMENT},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {8},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: PD643Times Cited: 20Cited Reference Count: 16},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {415-422},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Anaerobic enrichment cultures, isolated from arsenic-contaminated lake sediment in the Canadian sub-arctic and grown in five selective media, methylated arsenate/arsenite to produce mono-, di- and tri-methyl arsenicals. The extent of methylation and methylarsenic species produced varied with the type of enrichment. Iron-reducing, manganese-reducing, sulfate-reducing and broad-spectrum anaerobic heterotrophic mixed cultures all produced methylarsenicals. Sulfate-reducing cultures produced higher concentrations of methylarsenicals (especially trimethyl species) than iron-or manganese-reducers. There is evidence that several of the methylarsenicals, which were hydride-reactive at pH 6, were methylarsenic(III) thiols. The organoarsenicals produced by enrichment cultures were the same as those detected in the porewater of the lake sediments used to initiate the enrichment cultures. Overall, this study demonstrates that microbes from anaerobic lake sediments can methylate (and demethylate) arsenic, a capability shared by manganese-, iron-, and sulfate-reducing microbial consortia.},
	keywords = {ANAEROBE, arsenic, MERCURY METHYLATION, MICROBIAL, ORGANOARSENICALS, SEDIMENT, THIOLS},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994PD64300014},
	author = {Bright, D. A. and Brock, S. and Cullen, W. R. and Hewitt, G. M. and Jafaar, J. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {7295,
	title = {DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANOARSENIC COMPOUNDS BY USING A MICROWAVE-OVEN AND SUBSEQUENT DETERMINATION BY FLOW-INJECTION HYDRIDE GENERATION ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1992},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: HQ168Times Cited: 61Cited Reference Count: 33INTERNATIONAL CONF ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MAIN-GROUP ORGANOMETALS ( ICEBAMO )SEP 15-19, 1991PADUA, ITALYUNIV PADUA, ITALIAN CHEM SOC},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {161-171},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {Environmentally important organoarsenicals such as arsenobetaine, arsenocholine and tetramethylarsonium ion do not form volatile hydrides under the commonly used analytical conditions on treatment with borohydride and it has been difficult to determine their concentrations without further derivatization. This paper describes a rapid method which completely decomposes and oxidizes these arsenicals to arsenate by using potassium persulphate and sodium hydroxide with the aid of microwave energy. The quantitative decomposition of these species permits their determination at low nanogram levels, by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG AA). A new hydride generator which has high efficiency and minimum dead volume and therefore is suitable for flow injection analysis (FIA) is also described. A system combining flow injection analysis, on-line microwave oven digestion, and hydride generation followed by atomic absorption measurement, is developed. This system is capable of performing analysis at a sample throughput of 100-120 per hour. Calibration curves were linear from 10 to 200 ng cm-3 of arsenic and the detection limit was 5 ng cm-3 for a 100-mu-l injection or 0.5 ng of arsenic. All ten organoarsenic compounds studied gave arsenate as the decomposition product, which was confirmed by using molybdenum blue photometric measurement.},
	keywords = {ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, arsenic, arsenobetaine, atomic, DECOMPOSITION, DETERMINATION, DISSOLUTION, ENVIRONMENT, FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS, HYDRIDE GENERATION, IDENTIFICATION, LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, MICROWAVE OVEN DIGESTION, MUSCLE REFERENCE MATERIAL, QUANTITATION, TRACE-ELEMENTS, WATER},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1992HQ16800008},
	author = {Le, X. C. and Cullen, W. R. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {7296,
	title = {A NEW CONTINUOUS HYDRIDE GENERATOR FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC, ANTIMONY AND TIN BY HYDRIDE GENERATION ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY},
	journal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	volume = {258},
	number = {2},
	year = {1992},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: HK842Times Cited: 61Cited Reference Count: 24},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {307-315},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A new continuous hydride generator is described. Its characteristics are compared with a conventional hydride generator for the determination of arsenic, antimony and tin by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. This simple hydride generator combines hydride production and gas-liquid separation in one unit, obviating the use of a separate mixing/reaction coil and gas-liquid separator. Radioactive tracer studies show that a hydride generation efficiency of over 95\% is achieved with the new hydride generator and that approximately 90\% of monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) is converted to its hydride (methylarsine) within the first 10 s of the hydride generation reaction. Compared to a conventional hydride generator, an improved signal-to-noise ratio is achieved and comparable or less interference from transition metal ions is observed. Cysteine (1\% in the sample solution) is effective in reducing interferences during the hydride generation processes. In the presence of cysteine, 10-1000 fold higher amounts of Ni2+, Co2+ and Cu2+ are tolerated in the determination of arsenic, antimony and tin. Cysteine also enhances the signals of arsenic, antimony and tin by 60, 200 and 40\%, respectively. Reaction conditions were optimized by using both the simplex optimization method and one-factor-at-a-time method and results are in good agreement.},
	keywords = {AMOUNTS, ANTIMONY, arsenic, ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY, GERMANIUM, HYDRIDE GENERATION, INTERFERENCE REDUCTION, L-CYSTINE, mercury, selenium, separator, SPECTROPHOTOMETRY, SPECTROSCOPY, TIN, TRACE},
	isbn = {0003-2670},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1992HK84200014},
	author = {Le, X. C. and Cullen, W. R. and Reimer, K. J. and Brindle, I. D.}
}
