@article {2510,
	title = {The Engineering of Bacteria Bearing Azido-Pseudaminic Acid-Modified Flagella},
	journal = {Chembiochem},
	volume = {10},
	number = {8},
	year = {2009},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 452SMTimes Cited: 3Cited Reference Count: 24Liu, Feng Aubry, Annie J. Schoenhofen, Ian C. Logan, Susan M. Tanner, Martin E.},
	month = {May},
	pages = {1317-1320},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {4, 6-DEHYDRATASE, azides, biosynthesis, C. jejuni, CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI, cell surfaces, flagella, FUNCTIONAL-CHARACTERIZATION, HELICOBACTER-PYLORI, IDENTIFICATION, METABOLISM, PATHWAY, PROTEINS, PseB, reaction, Staudinger, UDP-N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE},
	isbn = {1439-4227},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000266561500009},
	author = {Liu, F. and Aubry, A. J. and Schoenhofen, I. C. and Logan, S. M. and Tanner, M. E.}
}
@article {2343,
	title = {Fruit-Surface Flavonoid Accumulation in Tomato Is Controlled by a SIMYB12-Regulated Transcriptional Network},
	journal = {Plos Genetics},
	volume = {5},
	number = {12},
	year = {2009},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 542CTTimes Cited: 3Cited Reference Count: 58Adato, Avital Mandel, Tali Mintz-Oron, Shira Venger, Ilya Levy, Dorit Yativ, Merav Dominguez, Eva Wang, Zhonghua De Vos, Ric C. H. Jetter, Reinhard Schreiber, Lukas Heredia, Antonio Rogachev, Ilana Aharoni, Asaph},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {23},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The cuticle covering plants{\textquoteright} aerial surfaces is a unique structure that plays a key role in organ development and protection against diverse stress conditions. A detailed analysis of the tomato colorless-peel y mutant was carried out in the framework of studying the outer surface of reproductive organs. The y mutant peel lacks the yellow flavonoid pigment naringenin chalcone, which has been suggested to influence the characteristics and function of the cuticular layer. Large-scale metabolic and transcript profiling revealed broad effects on both primary and secondary metabolism, related mostly to the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, particularly flavonoids. These were not restricted to the fruit or to a specific stage of its development and indicated that the y mutant phenotype is due to a mutation in a regulatory gene. Indeed, expression analyses specified three R2R3-MYB-type transcription factors that were significantly down-regulated in the y mutant fruit peel. One of these, SIMYB12, was mapped to the genomic region on tomato chromosome 1 previously shown to harbor the y mutation. Identification of an additional mutant allele that co-segregates with the colorless-peel trait, specific down-regulation of SlMYB12 and rescue of the y phenotype by overexpression of SlMYB12 on the mutant background, confirmed that a lesion in this regulator underlies the y phenotype. Hence, this work provides novel insight to the study of fleshy fruit cuticular structure and paves the way for the elucidation of the regulatory network that controls flavonoid accumulation in tomato fruit cuticle.},
	keywords = {AFFECTS VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT, ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA, EVOLUTION, EXPRESSION, GENE, IDENTIFICATION, LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, METABOLISM, PHENYLPROPANOID BIOSYNTHESIS, REGULATOR},
	isbn = {1553-7390},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000273469700027},
	author = {Adato, A. and Mandel, T. and Mintz-Oron, S. and Venger, I. and Levy, D. and Yativ, M. and Dominguez, E. and Wang, Z. H. and De Vos, R. C. H. and Jetter, R. and Schreiber, L. and Heredia, A. and Rogachev, I. and Aharoni, A.}
}
@article {797,
	title = {Do arsenosugars pose a risk to human health? The comparative toxicities of a trivalent and pentavalent arsenosugar},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	volume = {38},
	number = {15},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 842WOTimes Cited: 23Cited Reference Count: 54},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {4140-4148},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Seafood frequently contains high concentrations of arsenic (similar to10-100 mg/kg dry weight). In marine algae (seaweed), this arsenic occurs predominantly as ribose derivatives known collectively as arsenosugars. Although it is clear that arsenosugars are not acutely toxic, there is a possibility of arsenosugars having slight chronic toxicity. In general, trivalent arsenicals are more toxic than their pentavalent counterparts, so in this work we examine the hypothesis that trivalent arsenosugars might be significantly more toxic than pentavalent arsenosugars in vitro. We compared the in vitro toxicity of (R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl-5-deoxy-5-dimethylarsinoyl-beta-D-riboside, a pentavalent arsenosugar, to that of its trivalent counterpart, (R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl-5-deoxy-5-dimethylarsino-beta-D- riboside. The trivalent arsenosugar nicked plasmid DNA, whereas the pentavalent arsenosugar did not. The trivalent arsenosugar was more cytotoxic (IC50 = 200 muM, 48 h exposure) than its pentavalent counterpart (IC50 > 6000 muM, 48 h exposure) in normal human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro as determined via the neutral red uptake assay. However, both the trivalent and the pentavalent arsenosugars were significantly less toxic than MMA(III), DMA(III), and arsenate. Neither the pentavalent arsenosugar nor the trivalent arsenosugar were mutagenic in Salmonella TA104. The trivalent arsenosugar was readily formed by reaction of the pentavalent arsenosugar with thiol compounds, including, cysteine, glutathione, and dithioerythritol. This work suggests that the reduction of pentavalent arsenosugars to trivalent arsenosugars in biology might have environmental consequences, especially because seaweed consumption is a significant environmental source for human exposure to arsenicals.},
	keywords = {DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID, DNA-DAMAGE, HUMAN-CELLS, IN-VITRO, INORGANIC ARSENICS, METABOLISM, METHYLATED ARSENICALS, MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID MMA(III), ORGANIC ARSENIC COMPOUNDS, SEAWEED},
	isbn = {0013-936X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000223035400022},
	author = {Andrewes, P. and Demarini, D. M. and Funasaka, K. and Wallace, K. and Lai, V. W. M. and Sun, H. S. and Cullen, W. R. and Kitchin, K. T.}
}
@article {958,
	title = {Metabolism of thymol and trans-Anethole in Larvae of Spodoptera litura and Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
	volume = {52},
	number = {9},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 816UPTimes Cited: 9Cited Reference Count: 9},
	month = {May},
	pages = {2549-2551},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Metabolism of the monoterpenoid thymol and the phenylpropanoid trans-anethole, both constituents of essential oils, was investigated following topical and oral administration of the compounds to the tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura) and the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni). In both species and irrespective of route, administration of thymol resulted in the excretion of its 3-O-beta-glucoside, whereas trans-anethole was hydroxylated on the side chain methyl group. Both metabolites were isolated and their structures elucidated by interpretation of their mass and NMR spectra. Previous experiments indicated that trans-anethole synergized the toxicity of thymol in S. litura, but analyses of feces indicated that metabolism of thymol was not significantly suppressed when the two compounds were orally coadministered to T. ni larvae.},
	keywords = {biotransformation, CUTWORM, INSECTS, METABOLISM, Spodoptera litura, synergistic effects, thymol, trans-anethole, Trichoplusia ni},
	isbn = {0021-8561},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000221135100020},
	author = {Passreiter, C. M. and Wilson, J. and Andersen, R. J. and Isman, M. B.}
}
@article {5045,
	title = {Determination of trivalent methylated arsenicals in biological matrices},
	journal = {Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology},
	volume = {174},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 464KTTimes Cited: 129Cited Reference Count: 67},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {282-293},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The enzymatically catalyzed oxidative methylation of As yields methylated arsenicals that contain pentavalent As (As-V). Because trivalent As (As-III) is the favored substrate for this methyltransferase, methylated arsenicals containing As-V are reduced to trivalency in cells. Methylated arsenicals that contain As-III are extremely potent inhibitors of NADPH-dependent flavoprotein oxidoreductases and potent cytotoxins in many cell types. Therefore, the formation of methylated arsenicals that contain As-III may be properly regarded as an activation step, rather than a means of detoxification. Recognition of the role of methylated arsenicals that contain As-III in the toxicity and metabolism of As emphasizes the need for analytical methods to detect and quantify these species in biological samples. Hence, a method was developed to exploit pH-dependent differences in the generation of arsines from inorganic and methylated arsenicals that contain either As-V or As-III. Reduction with borohydride at pH 6 generated arsines from inorganic As-III, methyl As-III, and dimethyl As-III, but not from inorganic As-V, methyl As-V, and dimethyl As-V. Reduction with borohydride at pH 2 or lower generated arsines from arsenicals that contained either As-V or As-III. Arsines are trapped in a liquid nitrogen-cooled gas chromatographic trap, which is subsequently warmed to allow separation of the hydrides by their boiling points. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry is used to detect and quantify the arsines. The detection limits (ng As ml(-1)) for inorganic As-III, methyl As-III, and dimethyl As-III are 1.1, 1.2, and 6.5, respectively. This method has been applied to the analysis of arsenicals in water, human urine, and cultured cells. Both methyl As-III. and dimethyl As-III are detected in urine samples from individuals who chronically consumed inorganic As-contaminated water and in human cells exposed in vitro to inorganic As-III. The reliable quantitation of inorganic and methylated arsenicals that contain As-III. in biological samples will aid the study of the toxicity of these species and may provide a new biomarker of the effects of chronic exposure to As. (C) 2001 Academic Press.},
	keywords = {analysis, arsenic, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, biological matrices, CANCER MORTALITY, DIABETES-MELLITUS, DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID, DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRINKING-WATER, ENZYMATIC, HUMAN URINE, HYDRIDE GENERATION, MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS, MASS-SPECTROMETRY, METABOLISM, methylated arsenic, METHYLATION, MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID MMA(III), pentavalent arsenic, STABILITY, TOXICITY, trivalent arsenic},
	isbn = {0041-008X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000170532300010},
	author = {Del Razo, L. M. and Styblo, M. and Cullen, W. R. and Thomas, D. J.}
}
@article {4942,
	title = {Comparative toxicity of trivalent and pentavalent inorganic and methylated arsenicals in rat and human cells},
	journal = {Archives of Toxicology},
	volume = {74},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 349ZATimes Cited: 358Cited Reference Count: 37},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {289-299},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Biomethylation is considered a major detoxification pathway for inorganic arsenicals (iAs). According to the postulated metabolic scheme, the methylation of iAs yields methylated metabolites in which arsenic is present in both pentavalent and trivalent forms. Pentavalent mono- and dimethylated arsenicals are less acutely toxic than iAs. However, little is known about the toxicity of trivalent methylated species. In the work reported here the toxicities of iAs and trivalent and pentavalent methylated arsenicals were examined in cultured human cells derived from tissues that are considered a major site for iAs methylation (liver) or targets for carcinogenic effects associated with exposure to iAs (skin, urinary bladder, and lung). To characterize the role of methylation in the protection against toxicity of arsenicals, the capacities of cells to produce methylated metabolites were also examined. In addition to human cells, primary rat hepatocytes were used as methylating controls. Among the arsenicals examined, trivalent monomethylated species were the most cytotoxic in all cell types. Trivalent dimethylated arsenicals were at least as cytotoxic as trivalent iAs (arsenite) for most cell types. Pentavalent arsenicals were significantly less cytotoxic than their trivalent analogs. Among the cell types examined, primary rat hepatocytes exhibited the greatest methylation capacity for iAs followed by primary human hepatocytes, epidermal keratinocytes, and bronchial epithelial cells. Cells derived from human bladder did not methylate iAs. There was no apparent correlation between susceptibility of cells to arsenic toxicity and their capacity to methylate iAs. These results suggest that (1) trivalent methylated arsenicals, intermediary products of arsenic methylation, may significantly contribute to the adverse effects associated with exposure to iAs, and (2) high methylation capacity does not protect cells from the acute toxicity of trivalent arsenicals.},
	keywords = {ARSENATE, arsenic, ARSENITE, BINDING, bladder, cell culture, CELLULAR UPTAKE, DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID, dimethylarsinous acid, DRINKING-WATER, ENZYMATIC METHYLATION, GLUTATHIONE, HEPATOCYTES, HUMAN, IN-VITRO METHYLATION, LIVER, lung, METABOLISM, methylarsonic acid, methylarsonous acid, METHYLATION, RABBIT LIVER, SKIN, TOXICITY},
	isbn = {0340-5761},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000089074500001},
	author = {Styblo, M. and Del Razo, L. M. and Vega, L. and Germolec, D. R. and LeCluyse, E. L. and Hamilton, G. A. and Reed, W. and Wang, C. and Cullen, W. R. and Thomas, D. J.}
}
@article {4862,
	title = {Determination of monomethylarsonous acid, a key arsenic methylation intermediate, in human urine},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	volume = {108},
	number = {11},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 373XPTimes Cited: 101Cited Reference Count: 48},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {1015-1018},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {In this study we report on the finding of monomethylarsonous acid [MMA(III)I in human urine. This newly identified arsenic species is a key intermediate in the metabolic pathway of arsenic biomethylation, which involves stepwise reduction of pentavalent to trivalent arsenic species followed by oxidative addition of a methyl group. Arsenic speciation was carried out using ion-pair chromatographic separation of arsenic compounds with hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry detection. Speciation of the inorganic arsenite [As(III)], inorganic arsenate [As(V)], monomethylarsonic acid [MMA(V)], dimethylarsinic acid [DMA(V)], and MMA(III) in a urine sample was complete in 5 min. Urine samples collected from humans before and after a single oral administration of 300 mg sodium 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonate (DMPS) were analyzed for arsenic species. MMA(III) was found in 51 out of 123 urine samples collected from 41 people in inner Mongolia 0-6 hr after the administration of DMPS. MMA(III)in urine samples did not arise from the reduction of MMA(V) by DMPS. DMPS probably assisted the release of MMA(III) that was formed in the body. Along with the presence of MMA(III), there was an increase in the relative concentration of MMA(V) and a decrease in DMA(V) in the urine samples collected after the DMPS ingestion.},
	keywords = {3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonate, ARSENIC SPECIATION, BIOMARKERS, CARCINOGENESIS, CHEMICAL FORMS, DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID, ENZYMATIC METHYLATION, EXCRETION, EXPOSURE, GLUTATHIONE-REDUCTASE, INGESTION, METABOLISM, METABOLITES, METHYLATION, MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID, sodium 2, SPECIATION, trivalent methylarsenic species, urine metabolites},
	isbn = {0091-6765},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000165315600019},
	author = {Le, X. C. and Ma, M. S. and Lu, X. F. and Cullen, W. R. and Aposhian, H. V. and Zheng, B. S.}
}
@article {4711,
	title = {Enzymatic methylation of arsenic compounds. VII. Monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) is the substrate for MMA methyltransferase of rabbit liver and human hepatocytes},
	journal = {Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology},
	volume = {158},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 216QCTimes Cited: 80Cited Reference Count: 33},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {9-15},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Inorganic arsenite is methylated by some, but not all, animal species to dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), The monomethyl compound containing arsenic in an oxidation state of +3 has been proposed as an intermediate. Using highly purified arsenic methyltransferase from rabbit liver and the partially purified enzyme from Chang human liver hepatocytes, the activity of methylarsonic acid (MMA(V)) and methylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) as a substrate has been characterized by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The rabbit liver enzyme has a greater affinity for MMA(III) (K-m = 0.92 x 10(-5) M) than MMA(V) (K-m = 7.0 x 10(-5) M) since the smaller the K, the greater the affinity. In addition, a dithiol, reduced lipoic acid or dithiothreitol, appears to be more active than GSH in satisfying the thiol requirement of the enzyme. Although investigators have been unable to detect the arsenic methyltransferase in surgically removed human liver, its presence in Chang human hepatocytes now has been established. The K-m for MMA(III), 3.04 x 10(-6), using MMAIII methyltransferase from Chang human hepatocytes was not greatly different from that of the rabbit liver enzyme, (C) 1999 Academic Press.},
	keywords = {BINDING, CYTOSOL, IN-VITRO, INVITRO, METABOLISM, TOXICITY, WATER, WEST-BENGAL},
	isbn = {0041-008X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000081452500002},
	author = {Zakharyan, R. A. and Ayala-Fierro, F. and Cullen, W. R. and Carter, D. M. and Aposhian, H. V.}
}
@article {4610,
	title = {The metabolites of dietary chlorophylls},
	journal = {Phytochemistry},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 160EBTimes Cited: 15Cited Reference Count: 70},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {195-202},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {Chlorophylls, the green pigments responsible for photosynthesis in plants, algae and bacteria, are also part of the daily diet of herbivorous feeders. Numerous metabolic derivatives of the major green pigment, chlorophyll-a, have been found in a wide variety of organisms during the last decade. Studies of these metabolites show that some are antioxidants or cellular signaling mediators in vivo. The metabolites of bacteriochlorophylls-c and d, recently found in the deep-sea dragon fish, Malacosteus niger, function as a visual photosensitizer, enabling the fish to seek their prey in {\textquoteright}the dark{\textquoteright}. Discovery of these metabolites as well as their interesting biological functions raises questions as to the roles of chlorophyll derivatives in the chemical ecology of herbivorous life forms. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {antioxidant, AUTOXIDATION, cell signaling, CHLORIN, CHLOROPHYLL, DERIVATIVES, DIET, ESTERS, MARINE ORGANISMS, METABOLISM, PHOTOSENSITIZER, PI-CATION RADICALS, porphyrins, PRODUCTS, RUDITAPES-PHILIPPINARUM, TUNICHLORIN},
	isbn = {0031-9422},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000078216500001},
	author = {Ma, L. F. and Dolphin, D.}
}
@article {4552,
	title = {The separation of dimethylarsinic acid, methylarsonous acid, methylarsonic acid, arsenate and dimethylarsinous acid on the Hamilton PRP-X100 anion-exchange column},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {13},
	number = {11},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 255DLTimes Cited: 24Cited Reference Count: 29},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {837-843},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {In order to separate the potential arsenite metabolites methylarsonous acid and dimethylarsinous acid from arsenite, arsenate, methylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid, the pH-dependent retention behaviour of all six arsenic compounds was studied on a Hamilton PRP-X100 anion-exchange column with 30 mM phosphate buffers (pH 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) containing 20\% (v/v) methanol as mobile phase and employing an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) as the arsenic-specific detector. Baseline separation of dimethylarsinic acid, methylarsonous acid, methylarsonic acid, arsenate and dimethylarsinous acid was achieved with a 30 mmol dm(-3) phosphate buffer (pH 5)-methanol mixture (80:20, v/v) in 25 min. Arsenite is not baseline-separated from dimethylarsinic acid under these conditions, Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {ARSENATE, ARSENITE, BEHAVIOR, DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID, dimethylarsinous acid, ENVIRONMENT, ENZYMATIC METHYLATION, GLUTATHIONE, HPLC-ICP-AES, LAKE-BIWA, METABOLISM, METHYLARSENICALS, methylarsonic acid, methylarsonous acid, SPECIATION, SPECTROMETRY},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000083654200005},
	author = {Gailer, J. and Madden, S. and Cullen, W. R. and Denton, M. B.}
}
@article {4399,
	title = {Kinetic analysis and comparison of uptake, distribution, and excretion of V-48-labeled compounds in rats},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Physiology},
	volume = {84},
	number = {2},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YU964Times Cited: 63Cited Reference Count: 43},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {569-575},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Vanadium has been found to be orally active in lowering plasma glucose levels; thus it provides a potential treatment for diabetes mellitus. Bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(rv) (BMOV) is a well-characterized organovanadium compound that has been shown in preliminary studies to have a potentially useful absorption profile. Tissue distributions of BMOV compared with those of vanadyl sulfate (VS) were studied in Wistar rats by using V-48 as a tracer. In this study, the compounds were administered in carrier-added forms by either oral gavage or intraperitoneal injection. Data analyzed by a compartmental model, by using simulation, analysis, and modeling (i.e., SAAM II) software, showed a pattern of increased tissue uptake with use of V-48-BMOV compared with (VS)-V-48. The highest V-48 concentrations at 24 h after gavage were in bone, followed by kidney and liver. Most ingested V-48 was eliminated unabsorbed by fecal excretion. On average, V-48 concentrations in bone, kidney, and liver 24 h after oral administration of V-48-BMOV were two to three times higher than those of (VS)-V-48, which is consistent with the increased glucose-lowering potency of BMOV in acute glucose lowering compared with VS.},
	keywords = {ADIPOCYTES, analysis, and modeling, BIS(MALTOLATO)OXOVANADIUM(IV), compartmental modeling, diabetes, DISSOCIATION, FERRIC MALTOL, GLUCOSE, INDUCED DIABETIC RATS, INSULIN, insulin mimetic, METABOLISM, MOLYBDENUM, SIMULATION, SMALL-INTESTINE, Software, VANADIUM, VANADYL SULFATE},
	isbn = {8750-7587},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000071774300025},
	author = {Setyawati, I. A. and Thompson, K. H. and Yuen, V. G. and Sun, Y. and Battell, M. and Lyster, D. M. and Vo, C. and Ruth, T. J. and Zeisler, S. and McNeill, J. H. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {4167,
	title = {Glucose-lowering properties of vanadium compounds: Comparison of coordination complexes with maltol or kojic acid as ligands},
	journal = {Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry},
	volume = {68},
	number = {2},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YA963Times Cited: 72Cited Reference Count: 44},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {109-116},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Bis(kojato)oxovanadium(IV) [abbreviated VO(ka)(2)], a close chemical analog of the insulin-mimetic lead compound bis(maltolato) oxovanadium (IV) - abbreviated BMOV or VO(ma)(2) - is reported and its reaction chemistry and insulin-mimetic properties are presented. VO(ka)(2) [log K-1 = 7.61(10), log K-2 = 6.89(6), log beta(2) = 14.50(16)] has a reaction chemistry which directly parallels that of VO(ma)(2). In aqueous solution it is more slowly oxidized by molecular oxygen to [VO2(ka)(2)](-) than is VO(ma)(2) to [VO2(ma)(2)](-). Variable pH electrochemistry and variable pH V-51 NMR of solutions of VO(Ka)(2) are presented and contrasted with the corresponding results for VO(ma)(2). Time course studies (24 hr) in Sn-diabetic rats following the oral or ip administration of VO(ka)(2), VO(ma)(2), VO2+ (vanadyl) as vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4), and [VO2(ma)(2)](-) as its [NH4](+) salt have been performed, as have chronic oral studies comparing VO(ka)(2) and VO(ma)(2) over a six week period. lit all studies, the most potent form of vanadium was the neutrally charged water soluble, complex VO(ma)(2). (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.},
	keywords = {ALUMINUM(III), BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY, BIS(MALTOLATO)OXOVANADIUM(IV) BMOV, DIABETIC RATS, INHIBITOR, INSULIN MIMETIC AGENT, ISOLATED RAT ADIPOCYTES, LABILE, METABOLISM, OXOVANADATES, VANADATE},
	isbn = {0162-0134},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997YA96300005},
	author = {Yuen, V. G. and Caravan, P. and Gelmini, L. and Glover, N. and McNeill, J. H. and Setyawati, I. A. and Zhou, Y. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {3777,
	title = {A biomimetic study of cytochrome P450 related oxidations of toluenes using synthetic hemin},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan},
	volume = {69},
	number = {12},
	year = {1996},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: WB844Times Cited: 6Cited Reference Count: 68},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {3513-3521},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A mechanistic study of the oxidation of toluene and its derivatives in a model system designed to mimic cytochrome P450 (P450) using iron tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin chloride (FeTPPC8Cl) and pentafluoroiodosylbenzene (PFIB:C(6)F(5)lO) in dichloromethane is reported. The oxidation products were the corresponding benzyl alcohols and aldehydes; no further oxidation products were observed. The relative reaction rates were obtained in competitive reactions including the use of deuterated analogues. In the present model system, Hammett plots and isotope effects indicated conclusively that the rate-determining step was a hydrogen atom abstraction to the oxoiron intermediate which was then followed by a rebound of an OH group. The concerted mechanism and the rebound mechanism were discussed in terms of the differences in reactivities between the model system and natural P450 enzymes and similar monooxygenation enzymes.},
	keywords = {ALIPHATIC, AROMATIC-COMPOUNDS, CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE, DEPENDENT MONO-OXYGENASES, HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE, HYDROXYLATION, INDUCED, IRON(III) PORPHYRINS, LIVER MICROSOMAL CYTOCHROME-P-450, METABOLISM, MODEL SYSTEMS, RAT-LIVER},
	isbn = {0009-2673},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996WB84400017},
	author = {Nakano, T. and Agatsuma, N. and Kodama, S. and Kakuda, H. and Dolphin, D.}
}
@article {3265,
	title = {Reaction chemistry of BMOV, bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) - A potent insulin mimetic agent},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	volume = {117},
	number = {51},
	year = {1995},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: TM483Times Cited: 165Cited Reference Count: 66},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {12759-12770},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {{The reaction chemistry of the potent insulin-mimetic agent bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) (abbreviated BMOV or VO(ma)(2)) is reported. VO(ma)(2) (log K-1 = 8.80(2), log K-2 = 7.51(2), log beta(2) = 16.31(3)) has a rich coordination chemistry, forming a number of V(IV) and V(V) derivatives. In aqueous solution it is slowly oxidized by molecular oxygen to [VO2(ma)(2)](-) (log K-1 = 7.5(1), log K-2 = 6.2(1), log beta(2) = 13.7(1)); in alcohols a variety of V(V) analogs VO(OR)(ma)(2) (R = CH3, C2H5, i-C3H7) are formed by aerial oxidation. All these vanadate complexes can be interconverted by reaction with the appropriate alcohol or water. In addition, the six-coordinate V(IV) pyridine adduct VO(ma)(2)py can be formed and this undergoes oxidation to V(V) complexes much more slowly, demonstrating that a vacant coordinate site is required for the coordination of O-2 to VO(ma)(2) before inner-sphere oxidation can take place. V-51 NMR and electrochemistry have been studied as a function of pH; a complete study of the aqueous chemistry of VO(ma)(2) and [VO2(ma)(2)](-) has been undertaken because the oral activity of VO(ma)(2) as an insulin-mimetic may be related to the chemical properties of the two compounds in water. Oral gavage studies in STZ-diabetic rats have been performed which showed that the intact complex is required for activity and that the presence of a biologically compatible reducing agent, ascorbic acid, neither interferes with nor augments the insulin-mimetic effect of VO(ma)(2). The X-ray structures of VO(ma)(2) and the cis-VO2 compound K[VO2(ma)(2)]. H2O have been determined; crystals of VO(ma)(2)[BMOV] are monoclinic, P2(1)/n},
	keywords = {aluminum, DIABETIC RATS, DISSOCIATION, GLUCOSE, ISOLATED RAT ADIPOCYTES, MALTOL COMPLEX, METABOLISM, METAL CHELATE COMPLEXES, RECEPTOR KINASE, VANADYL COMPLEXES},
	isbn = {0002-7863},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1995TM48300013},
	author = {Caravan, P. and Gelmini, L. and Glover, N. and Herring, F. G. and Li, H. L. and McNeill, J. H. and Rettig, S. J. and Setyawati, I. A. and Shuter, E. and Sun, Y. and Tracey, A. S. and Yuen, V. G. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {3265,
	title = {Reaction chemistry of BMOV, bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) - A potent insulin mimetic agent},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	volume = {117},
	number = {51},
	year = {1995},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: TM483Times Cited: 165Cited Reference Count: 66},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {12759-12770},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {{The reaction chemistry of the potent insulin-mimetic agent bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) (abbreviated BMOV or VO(ma)(2)) is reported. VO(ma)(2) (log K-1 = 8.80(2), log K-2 = 7.51(2), log beta(2) = 16.31(3)) has a rich coordination chemistry, forming a number of V(IV) and V(V) derivatives. In aqueous solution it is slowly oxidized by molecular oxygen to [VO2(ma)(2)](-) (log K-1 = 7.5(1), log K-2 = 6.2(1), log beta(2) = 13.7(1)); in alcohols a variety of V(V) analogs VO(OR)(ma)(2) (R = CH3, C2H5, i-C3H7) are formed by aerial oxidation. All these vanadate complexes can be interconverted by reaction with the appropriate alcohol or water. In addition, the six-coordinate V(IV) pyridine adduct VO(ma)(2)py can be formed and this undergoes oxidation to V(V) complexes much more slowly, demonstrating that a vacant coordinate site is required for the coordination of O-2 to VO(ma)(2) before inner-sphere oxidation can take place. V-51 NMR and electrochemistry have been studied as a function of pH; a complete study of the aqueous chemistry of VO(ma)(2) and [VO2(ma)(2)](-) has been undertaken because the oral activity of VO(ma)(2) as an insulin-mimetic may be related to the chemical properties of the two compounds in water. Oral gavage studies in STZ-diabetic rats have been performed which showed that the intact complex is required for activity and that the presence of a biologically compatible reducing agent, ascorbic acid, neither interferes with nor augments the insulin-mimetic effect of VO(ma)(2). The X-ray structures of VO(ma)(2) and the cis-VO2 compound K[VO2(ma)(2)]. H2O have been determined; crystals of VO(ma)(2)[BMOV] are monoclinic, P2(1)/n},
	keywords = {aluminum, DIABETIC RATS, DISSOCIATION, GLUCOSE, ISOLATED RAT ADIPOCYTES, MALTOL COMPLEX, METABOLISM, METAL CHELATE COMPLEXES, RECEPTOR KINASE, VANADYL COMPLEXES},
	isbn = {0002-7863},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1995TM48300013},
	author = {Caravan, P. and Gelmini, L. and Glover, N. and Herring, F. G. and Li, H. L. and McNeill, J. H. and Rettig, S. J. and Setyawati, I. A. and Shuter, E. and Sun, Y. and Tracey, A. S. and Yuen, V. G. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {3000,
	title = {BIOACCUMULATION AND EXCRETION OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS BY A MARINE UNICELLULAR ALGA, POLYPHYSA-PENICULUS},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {8},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: PD643Times Cited: 27Cited Reference Count: 43},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {313-324},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Polyphysa peniculus was grown in artificial sea-water in the presence of arsenate, arsenite, monomethylarsonate and dimethylarsinic acid. The separation and identification of some of the arsenic species produced in the cells as well as in the growth medium were achieved by using hydride generation-gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry methodology. Arsenite and dimethylarsinate were detected following incubation with arsenate. When the alga was treated with arsenite, dimethylarsinate was the major metabolite in the cells and in the growth medium; trace amounts of monomethylarsonate were also detected in the cells. With monomethylarsonate as a substrate, the metabolite is dimethylarsinate. Polyphysa peniculus did not metabolize dimethylarsinic acid when it was used as a substrate. Significant amounts of more complex arsenic species, such as arsenosugars, were not observed in the cells or medium on the evidence of flow injection-microwave digestion-hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry methodology. Transfer of the exposed cells to fresh medium caused release of most cell-associated arsenicals to the surrounding environment.},
	keywords = {ARSENIC BIOACCUMULATION, ARSENIC METYLATION, arsenic species, ARSENIC UPTAKE, COMPOUNDS, CONTAINING RIBOFURANOSIDES, ENVIRONMENT, IDENTIFICATION, KELP ECKLONIA-RADIATA, METABOLISM, METHYLATION, NON-REDUCIBLE ARSENICALS, ORGANOARSENIC, PHYTOPLANKTON, POLYPHYSA-PENICULUS, RIVER BEAULIEU, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994PD64300004},
	author = {Cullen, W. R. and Harrison, L. G. and Li, H. and Hewitt, G.}
}
@article {3093,
	title = {HUMAN URINARY ARSENIC EXCRETION AFTER ONE-TIME INGESTION OF SEAWEED, CRAB, AND SHRIMP},
	journal = {Clinical Chemistry},
	volume = {40},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: NE582Times Cited: 145Cited Reference Count: 48},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {617-624},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We studied chemical speciation of arsenic compounds in urine samples by using HPLC with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection. We examined urinary arsenic excretion patterns and the arsenic species excreted from nine human subjects who ingested seaweed products and crab (or shrimp). Fast urinary excretion of unchanged arsenobetaine was seen after ingestion of crab and shrimp, which contain arsenobetaine as the major arsenic species. In contrast, the arsenosugars, which comprise the major arsenic species in seaweed, are metabolized and have a longer retention time in the human body. When nine volunteers ingested the commercial seaweed product nori, both the urinary arsenic excretion pattern and the excreted arsenic species varied from individual to individual, and as many as six metabolites could be detected. It seems that arsenosugars are not decomposed by stomach acid and that reactions involving enzymatic and (or) microbial activity in the human body may be responsible for the metabolism of arsenosugars.},
	keywords = {arsenobetaine, arsenosugars, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, EDIBLE, HAMSTER, JAPANESE, METABOLISM, ORGANOARSENIC COMPOUNDS, PLASMA, RABBITS, SEAWEED, SPECIATION, TOXICOLOGY},
	isbn = {0009-9147},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994NE58200023},
	author = {Le, X. C. and Cullen, W. R. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {2852,
	title = {DETERMINATION OF URINARY ARSENIC AND IMPACT OF DIETARY ARSENIC INTAKE},
	journal = {Talanta},
	volume = {40},
	number = {2},
	year = {1993},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: KU309Times Cited: 47Cited Reference Count: 40},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {185-193},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {An analytical method based on microwave decomposition and flow injection analysis (FIA) coupled to hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) is described. This is used to differentiate arsenite [As(III)], arsenate [As(V)], monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) from organoarsenic compounds usually present in seafood. Without microwave digestion, direct analysis of urine by HGAAS gives the total concentration of As(III), As(V), MMA and DMA because organoarsenic compounds such as arsenobetaine, usually found in most seafood, are not reducible upon treatment with borohydride and therefore cannot be determined by using the hydride generation technique. The microwave oven digestion procedure with potassium persulfate and sodium hydroxide as decomposition reagents completely decomposes all arsenicals to arsenate and this can be measured by HGAAS. Microwave decomposition parameters were studied to achieve efficient decomposition and quantitative recovery of arsenobetaine spiked into urine samples. The method is applied to the determination of urinary arsenic and is useful for the assessment of occupational exposure to arsenic without intereference from excess organoarsenicals due to the consumption of seafood. Analysis of urine samples collected from an individual who ingested some seafood revealed that organoarsenicals were rapidly excreted in urine. After the ingestion of a 500-g crab, a 10-fold increase of total urinary arsenic was observed, due to the excretion of organoarsenicals. The maximum arsenic concentration was found in the urine samples collected approximately between 4 to 17 hr after eating seafood. However, the ingestion of organoarsenic-containing seafoods such as crab, shrimp and salmon showed no effect on the urinary excretion of inorganic arsenic, MMA and DMA.},
	keywords = {arsenobetaine, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY, EXCRETION, HYDRIDE GENERATION, INGESTION, LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, METABOLISM, REDUCTION, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0039-9140},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993KU30900013},
	author = {Le, X. C. and Cullen, W. R. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
