@inbook {2381,
	title = {Pseudospectral Solution of the Boltzmann Equation: Quantum Cross Sections},
	booktitle = {Rarefied Gas Dynamics},
	series = {Aip Conference Proceedings},
	volume = {1084},
	year = {2009},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: BJF97Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 18Chang, Yongbin Shizgal, Bernie D.Proceedings Paper26th International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynmaics (RGD26)JUN 20-JUL 25, 2008Kyoto, JAPANJapan Soc Promot Sci, Japan Aerpspace Explorat Agcy, Soc Promot Space Sci, Iwantani Naoji Fdn, Inoue Fdn Sci, Casio Sci Promot Fdn, Kaijma Fdn, IHI Corp, IHI Aerospac Engn Co Ltd, Osaka Vaccuun Ltd, Nissin Inc2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA},
	pages = {421-426},
	publisher = {Amer Inst Physics},
	organization = {Amer Inst Physics},
	address = {Melville},
	abstract = {The relaxation of it nonequilibrium test particle population of mass m(1) in contact with a background gas of particles of mass m(2) at temperature T-b is studied with the spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation. A pseudospectral method of solution is employed which is based on the discretization of the distribution function at a nonuniform grid that coincides with a quadrature. In order to implement this approach, the integral collision operator of the Boltzmann equation is expressed explicitly in terms of a kernel which is also discretized. This procedure fails if the classical differential collision cross section is used as it diverges for small scattering angles and the kernel is no longer well defined. In the present paper, we choose the interaction potential between the test particles and the background particles to be the Maxwell molecule interaction, that is, V (r) = V-o(d/r)(4) for which the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are well known. We employ the quantum mechanical differential cross section for this potential, which is finite at zero scattering angle and we apply a pseudospectral approach based on speed polynomials. We compare the well known results for the eigenvalue spectrum of the Boltzmann collision operator for the classical differential cross section with the new results with the quantum differential cross section and the basis set defined by the speed polynomials. The relaxation to equilibrium of initial nonequilibrium distribution functions is studied with both methods.},
	keywords = {Boltzmann equation, DISTRIBUTIONS, DYNAMICS, GASES, Maxwell molecules, pseudospectral method, quantum cross section, relaxation, VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION},
	isbn = {0094-243X978-0-7354-0615-5},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000265564800068},
	author = {Chang, Y. B. and Shizgal, B. D.},
	editor = {Abe, T.}
}
@article {2539,
	title = {Very slow expansion of an ultracold plasma formed in a seeded supersonic molecular beam of NO},
	journal = {Physical Review A},
	volume = {79},
	number = {6},
	year = {2009},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 466XZTimes Cited: 2Cited Reference Count: 35Morrison, J. P. Rennick, C. J. Grant, E. R.},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {7},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The double-resonant laser excitation of nitric oxide, cooled to 1 K in a seeded supersonic molecular beam, yields a gas of approximate to 10(12) molecules per cubic centimeter in a single selected Rydberg state. This population evolves to produce prompt free electrons, and a durable cold plasma of electrons and intact NO+ ions. This plasma travels with the molecular beam through a field-free region to encounter a grid. The atomic weight of the expansion gas controls the beam velocity and hence the flight time from the interaction region to the grid. Monitoring electron production as the plasma traverses this grid measures its longitudinal width as a function of flight time. Comparing these widths to the width of the laser beam that defines the initial size of the illuminated volume allows us to gauge the rate of expansion of the plasma. We find that the plasma created from the evolution of a Rydberg gas of NO expands at a small but measurable rate, and that this rate of expansion accords with the Vlasov equations for an initial electron temperature of T-e approximate to 7 K.},
	keywords = {3-BODY RECOMBINATION, COMPOUNDS, ELECTRONS, GASES, laser cooling, molecular beams, molecule-photon collisions, NEUTRAL PLASMAS, NITROGEN, Photoexcitation, PLASMA, plasma collision processes, positive ions, RATES, RYDBERG ATOMS, Rydberg states, STATES, TEMPERATURE, TEMPERATURES, VACUUM, Vlasov equation},
	isbn = {1050-2947},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000267700100086},
	author = {Morrison, J. P. and Rennick, C. J. and Grant, E. R.}
}
@article {1402,
	title = {The first report of a muoniated free radical formed from reaction of Mu with Br-2},
	journal = {Physica B-Condensed Matter},
	volume = {374},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 027BNTimes Cited: 2Cited Reference Count: 1410th International Conference on Muon Spin Rotation, Relaxation and ResonanceAUG 08-12, 2005Oxford, ENGLANDHamamatsi Photon, ISIS Fac, Triumf Fac},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {303-306},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {In this paper, we report preliminary data for the first direct evidence of a free radical formed from Mu reactivity with Br-2 ill the gas phase, in N-2 moderator at a total pressure of 3 bar. A new experimental setup and target vessel for mu SR studies of reactive Compounds, such as the halogens and hydrogen halides, suitable as well for RF measurements, is described. The experimental data, obtained from a longitudinal field repolarization curve, yields a hfc of 1770 MHz. We tentatively identify this as the [BrMuBr] radical, a non-conventional bond system, arising from the combination of a van der Waals interaction and dynamics on a repulsive surface. Studies of the dynamics and hfcs of possible radicals, which in principal could form, are also outlined here. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {chemical dynamics, ENERGY, GASES, halogen, IHI, isotope effect, muonium, STATE},
	isbn = {0921-4526},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000236388800078},
	author = {Ghandi, K. and Cottrell, S. P. and Fleming, Donald G. and Johnson, C.}
}
@article {764,
	title = {Hot model of muonium formation in liquids},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Chemistry-Revue Canadienne De Chimie},
	volume = {81},
	number = {3},
	year = {2003},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 663NGTimes Cited: 4Cited Reference Count: 22},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {199-203},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The mechanism of formation of muonium atoms from positive muons was studied here through measurements of the yield of diamagnetic muon states in dipolar aprotic solvents and for scavenger solutions in hexane and methanol. The results are compared with published data on common solvents covering a full range of the physicochemical properties of liquids that affect an ionic formation mechanism, namely their static dielectric constants, electron mobilities, and radiolysis yields of electrons. It is concluded that muonium is not formed by a thermal charge-neutralization reaction in these chemically-active media, though that mechanism does contribute to muonium formation in inert media like liquefied noble gases. It is clear that muonium materializes on a much shorter timescale than the recently proposed "delayed" mechanism (microseconds) and the earlier "spur" model (nanoseconds). In contrast, the data referring to all these liquids are consistent with the intra-track "hot" model. This is the only Mu-formation model proposed so far in which the immediate precursors of Mu (Mu((hot))) are neither scavengable nor ionic.},
	keywords = {delayed-muonium-formation model, diamagnetic yields, FIELD, formation mechanism, GASES, hot model, muonium atoms, RESONANCE, spur model},
	isbn = {0008-4042},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000182011200002},
	author = {Walker, D. C. and Karolczak, S. and Gillis, H. A. and Porter, G. B.}
}
@article {4183,
	title = {The production of methylated organoantimony compounds by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {12},
	number = {12},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 149RQTimes Cited: 34Cited Reference Count: 37},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {827-842},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Cultures of the fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis were grown in antimony-rich media. Although volatile compounds of other elements were readily detected in the culture headspace, volatile antimony compounds were formed irreproducibly and at only ultratrace levels. In order to monitor the media for nonvolatile methylantimony compounds, a method of sample preparation was developed, based on solid-phase extraction. This enabled the separation of large quantities of soluble inorganic antimony species from trace amounts of organo-antimony compounds before speciation by HG-GC-AAS, By this methodology methylated antimony compounds were detected at concentrations of 0.8- 7.1 mu g Sbl(-1) in all media in which S. brevicaulis was grown in the presence of antimony(III) compounds. These methylantimony species were not detected in any of the nonliving or medium-only controls. Methylated compounds were not detected where S. brevicaulis was grown in the presence of antimony(V) compounds. This is the first study to show that antimony(III) compounds are biomethylated by S. brevicaulis under aerobic-only growth conditions. (C) 1998 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {ANTIMONY, APIOTRICHUM-HUMICOLA, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, BIOMETHYLATION, biotransformation, GASES, GENERATION, hydride, HYDRIDE GENERATION, infant death syndrome (SIDS), INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME, LAKE-BIWA, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION, SPECIATION, sudden, volatile antimony, VOLATILE METAL, WASTE DEPOSITS},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000077619500006},
	author = {Andrewes, P. and Cullen, W. R. and Feldmann, J. and Koch, I. and Polishchuk, E. and Reimer, E.}
}
@article {3527,
	title = {ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN BINARY COLLISION APPROXIMATION CLOSURES OF THE BBGKY HIERARCHY},
	journal = {Physica a-Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications},
	volume = {218},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1995},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: RP744Times Cited: 6Cited Reference Count: 32},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {155-182},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The closure of the BBGKY hierarchy to obtain the Boltzmann equation requires, in particular, restricting particle interactions to include only isolated binary collisions, Boercker and Dufty accomplish this by approximating the three-particle reduced density operator in a particular manner that favours correlation between two of the particles, while ignoring the correlation with the third. The tradition of most other closures has more closely followed Boltzmann{\textquoteright}s original thinking to completely neglect any reference to three-particle effects while assuming a generalized form of molecular chaos for the pair density operator. The two closures are compared in two ways: (a) by finding iterated series solutions of the BBGKY hierarchy and of the Boltzmann equation; (b) by computing an exact correction to the quantum Boltzmann equation. A consequence of the comparison of the iterated series shows that an important, but little emphasized, difference between the BBGKY and Boltzmann hierarchies is the effective instantaneousness of binary collisions in the latter. The form for the correction found is shown to vanish for either closure provided the instantaneousness of the binary collisions is imposed. It is shown moreover that the correction is closely related to the three-body collision integral arising in the standard theory of the density corrections to the Boltzmann equation. We also comment on the related work of Klimontovich, who introduces an approximation analogous to that of Boercker and Dufty.},
	keywords = {GASES},
	isbn = {0378-4371},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1995RP74400011},
	author = {Snider, R. F. and Mullin, W. J. and Laloe, F.}
}
@article {3526,
	title = {CONVERSION BETWEEN KINETIC-ENERGY AND POTENTIAL-ENERGY IN THE CLASSICAL NONLOCAL BOLTZMANN-EQUATION},
	journal = {Journal of Statistical Physics},
	volume = {80},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {1995},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: RV585Times Cited: 6Cited Reference Count: 29},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {1085-1117},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {An important property of the classical Boltzmann equation is that kinetic energy is conserved. This is closely connected to the fact that the Boltzmann equation describes the nonequilibrium properties of an {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}ideal{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} gas. Generalizations of the Boltzmann equation to higher density involve, among other things, allowing the colliding particles to be at different positions. This spatial nonlocality is known to contribute to the density corrections of gas transport properties. For soft potentials such a spatial separation of the particles also leads to a conversion between kinetic and potential energy. In evaluating these effects the classical dynamics of the whole collision trajectory must be taken into account, involving also the time for the collision process. The resulting time nonlocality has usually been reinterpreted in terms of a spatial nonlocality. However, for a homogeneous system this is not possible and only the time nonlocality remains, this then being responsible for the conversion between kinetic and potential energy. This paper aims to clarify these properties of the nonlocal corrections to the classical mechanical Boltzmann collision term. Comments on the corresponding problem for the quantum Boltzmann equation are also made.},
	keywords = {Boltzmann equation, ENERGY CONSERVATION, GASES},
	isbn = {0022-4715},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1995RV58500006},
	author = {Snider, R. F.}
}
@article {3120,
	title = {DISCRETE VELOCITY MODEL FOR AN ESCAPING SINGLE-COMPONENT ATMOSPHERE},
	journal = {Planetary and Space Science},
	volume = {42},
	number = {5},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: PF109Times Cited: 3Cited Reference Count: 42},
	month = {May},
	pages = {409-419},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The structure of an escaping single-component planetary atmosphere is computed by direct numerical integration the nonlinear Boltzmann equation. The transition from collision-dominated behavior deep in the atmosphere to nearly collisionless behavior at great altitudes is therefore treated self-consistently for the first time. We consider a hypothetical planet having the same mass and radius as the Earth, surrounded by an atmosphere of atoms having the same mass and total hard-sphere collision cross-section as atomic hydrogen. The atmosphere is initially hydrostatic and isothermal, at a temperature of 1000 K. As the computation progresses, the atmosphere gradually escapes. Eventually, a quasi-steady state is reached in which the density decreases significantly more rapidly than the initial barometric distribution, and the temperature decreases nearly 200 K between the planetary surface and an altitude of 10,000 km. The bulk upward flow speed increases with altitude above the exobase. However, because the most energetic particles escape and are not replenished, the atmosphere gradually cools, and the deep, collision-dominated portion of the atmosphere settles towards the planet{\textquoteright}s surface. The high-velocity tail of the velocity distribution function is quite anisotropic over a large range of altitudes, and remains largely depleted of incoming unbound particles even well below the exobase. At the highest altitudes in our simulation, the population of escaping unbound particles is considerably enhanced by the streaming of such particles from the warmer and denser regions below. The computed escape flux is at least 30\% greater than the Jeans flux as a result of this effect. It is suggested that computations similar to this one may prove useful for studying atmospheric escape from the primeval terrestrial planets, comets and Pluto.},
	keywords = {BOLTZMANN-EQUATION, ESCAPE, GASES, HYDRODYNAMIC ESCAPE, PLANETARY ATMOSPHERE, thermal},
	isbn = {0032-0633},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994PF10900006},
	author = {Merryfield, W. J. and Shizgal, B. D.}
}
@article {6827,
	title = {MUONIUM FORMATION IN XENON AND ARGON UP TO 60 ATMOSPHERES},
	journal = {Hyperfine Interactions},
	volume = {65},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1990},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: EZ856Times Cited: 15Cited Reference Count: 265TH INTERNATIONAL CONF ON MUON SPIN ROTATION RELAXATION AND RESONANCEAPR 09-12, 1990OXFORD, ENGLAND},
	pages = {801-809},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {Results of muon polarization studies in xenon and argon up to 60 atm are reported. In argon for pressures up to 10 atm, the muon polarization is best explained by an epithermal-charge exchange model. Above this pressure, the decrease in P(D) and increase in P(L) are ascribed to charge neutralization and spin exchange reactions, respectively, in the radiolysis track. Measurements with Xe/He mixtures with a xenon pressure of 1 atm indicate that the lost polarization in the pure xenon at this pressure is due to inefficient moderation of the muon. As the pressure in pure xenon is increased above 10 atm, we find that P(L) remains roughly constant and P(D) begins to increase. The lost fraction may be due to the formation of a XeMu Van der Waals type complex, while P(D) is ascribed to XeMu+ formation. This suggests that spur processes appear to be less important in xenon than in argon.},
	keywords = {CHARGE-EXCHANGE COLLISIONS, COMPETING PROCESSES, DEPOLARIZATION, GASES, HOT ATOM CHEMISTRY, HYDRATED ELECTRONS, LIQUIDS, POSITRONIUM, SPIN EXCHANGE, XE},
	isbn = {0304-3843},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1990EZ85600008},
	author = {Kempton, J. R. and Senba, M. and Arseneau, D. J. and Gonzalez, A. C. and Pan, J. J. and Tempelmann, A. and Garner, D. M. and Fleming, Donald G.}
}
@article {6897,
	title = {POSITIVE MUON SLOWING DOWN TIMES IN AR MEASURED BY THE MU-SR TECHNIQUE},
	journal = {Hyperfine Interactions},
	volume = {65},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1990},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: EZ856Times Cited: 13Cited Reference Count: 125TH INTERNATIONAL CONF ON MUON SPIN ROTATION RELAXATION AND RESONANCEAPR 09-12, 1990OXFORD, ENGLAND},
	pages = {793-799},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {The phase information of triplet muonium signals has been used to measure the slowing down times of the positive muon in Ar. The results agree well with calculated stopping power based on proton data with the assumption that the positive muon and proton have the same stopping power at the same projectilew velocity (velocity scaling).},
	keywords = {CHARGE-EXCHANGE COLLISIONS, COMPETING PROCESSES, GASES},
	isbn = {0304-3843},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1990EZ85600007},
	author = {Senba, M. and Arseneau, D. J. and Gonzalez, A. C. and Kempton, J. R. and Pan, J. J. and Tempelmann, A. and Fleming, Donald G.}
}
@article {6889,
	title = {QUANTUM PHENOMENA AND SOLVENT EFFECTS ON ADDITION OF HYDROGEN ISOTOPES TO BENZENE AND TO DIMETHYLBUTADIENE},
	journal = {Berichte Der Bunsen-Gesellschaft-Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics},
	volume = {94},
	number = {11},
	year = {1990},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: EU906Times Cited: 18Cited Reference Count: 4189TH GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE DEUTSCHE-BUNSEN-GESELLSCHAFT-FUR-PHYSIKALISCHE-CHEMIE ( ON THE 65TH BIRTHDAY OF THEODOR ACKERMANN ) : CHEMICAL ELEMENTAL REACTIONSMAY 24-26, 1990TUBINGEN, FED REP GERDEUT BUNSEN GESELL PHYS CHEM},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {1224-1230},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {Rate constants have been measured for the reaction of the light hydrogen isotope muonium with benzene and 2,3-dimethylbutadiene-1,3 in the gas phase and in several solvents. Comparison with H atom data reveals (1) appreciable kinetic isotope effects, (2) a strong contribution of tunnelling for the activated reaction with benzene, (3) encounter controlled reaction for Mu addition to the diene, (4) a mass dependence of the diffusion constant of hydrogen isotopes in solution, and (5) an enhancement of the rate constant in solution over that in the gas phase by a factor, except for water, of the inverse Ostwald solubility coefficient for hydrogen. The isotope-dependent reduction of the solvent effect in water is tentatively ascribed to the dynamics of the clathrate-like structure when the hydrogen atom reacts.},
	keywords = {ATOM, DIFFUSION, electron, ELEMENTARY REACTIONS, GASES, ISOTOPE EFFECTS, KINETICS, LIQUIDS, muonium, radicals, RATE CONSTANTS, solutions, WATER},
	isbn = {0005-9021},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1990EU90600008},
	author = {Roduner, E. and Louwrier, P. W. F. and Brinkman, G. A. and Garner, D. M. and Reid, I. D. and Arseneau, D. J. and Senba, M. and Fleming, Donald G.}
}
