@article {4158,
	title = {Bioaccumulation and clearance of microcystins from salt water, mussels, Mytilus edulis, and in vivo evidence for covalently bound microcystins in mussel tissues},
	journal = {Toxicon},
	volume = {35},
	number = {11},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YM145Times Cited: 73Cited Reference Count: 48},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {1617-1625},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Over a period of 3 days saltwater mussels, Mytilus edulis, were fed a cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa, that contained a high concentration of microcystins, The mussels were killed on a periodic basis over the course of 2 months, Mussels were also collected at two sites were high levels of microcystins in tissues had been noted. A strategy based on the chemically unique nature of the C-20 beta-amino acid, (2S,3S,8S,9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoi c acid (Adda), portion of the microcystins was used in conjunction with a protein phosphatase (PPase) assay to analyse for both covalently bound microcystins and free microcystins in the mussel tissues, The mussel PPase assay results were compared with the Lemieux oxidation gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. Less than 0.1\% of the total microcystin burden in the mussel tissue was found to be extractable with MeOH. Thus, direct evidence was provided for the existence of covalently bound microcystins in mussel tissues in vivo. The mussels rapidly cleared the covalently bound microcystins when transferred to untreated seawater. Within 4 days the total microcystin burden dropped from a high of 336.9 (+/- 45.8) mu g/g wet tissue to 11.3 (+/- 2.6) mu g/g. After 4 days postexposure until completion of the experiment the total levels remained below the detection limits of the GCMS method, The levels of free microcystins, extracted with MeOH and detected by the PPase assay, fell from 204 ng/g wet tissue to a residual 14 ng/g over a 53 day postexposure period. Presumably the bound microcystin present in the mussel tissue exists as a covalent complex with the PP-1 and PP-2A enzymes. We conclude that in any shellfish monitoring program it is the total tissue microcystin burden that needs to be considered. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.},
	keywords = {AERUGINOSA, BLUE-GREEN-ALGAE, cyanobacteria, DIARRHETIC SHELLFISH TOXINS, IDENTIFICATION, LR, OKADAIC ACID, PEPTIDE TOXIN, PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE INHIBITORS, TUMOR PROMOTION},
	isbn = {0041-0101},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000071033700005},
	author = {Williams, D. E. and Dawe, S. C. and Kent, M. L. and Andersen, R. J. and Craig, M. and Holmes, C. F. B.}
}
@article {3851,
	title = {Ferintoic acids A and B, new cyclic hexapeptides from the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa},
	journal = {Journal of Natural Products},
	volume = {59},
	number = {6},
	year = {1996},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: UT658Times Cited: 23Cited Reference Count: 30},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {570-575},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The cyclic hexapeptides ferintoic acids A (1) and B (2) have been isolated from cells of Microcystis aeruginosa harvested during a natural bloom of the toxic cyanobacterium. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by a combination of spectroscopic analysis and chemical degradation.},
	keywords = {AMINO-ACIDS, BLUE-GREEN-ALGA, INHIBITOR, LR, PEPTIDE, PHASE, PROTEIN PHOSPHATASES, SPONGE THEONELLA SP, TOXIN},
	isbn = {0163-3864},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996UT65800004},
	author = {Williams, D. E. and Craig, M. and Holmes, C. F. B. and Andersen, R. J.}
}
@article {2753,
	title = {IDENTIFICATION OF PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE INHIBITORS OF THE MICROCYSTIN CLASS IN THE MARINE-ENVIRONMENT},
	journal = {Toxicon},
	volume = {31},
	number = {11},
	year = {1993},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: MM430Times Cited: 38Cited Reference Count: 28},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {1407-1414},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Toxins produced by marine phytoplankton represent a severe global health hazard to humans that eat seafood and are also responsible for massive natural fish kills in specialized bloom situations. Tumour-promoting hepatotoxins from the freshwater microcystin/nodularin class were identified in Northeastern Pacific Ocean, Eastern Canadian and European mussels for the first time. These hepatotoxins were detected at biologically active levels up to three-fold higher than accepted quarantine levels for the diarrhetic shellfish toxin okadaic acid (OA), based on their activity (in microcystin-LR equivalent units) in a liquid chromatography (LC)-linked protein phosphatase bioassay. The presence of microcystins/nodularins in oceanic shellfish identifies a potentially novel class of intoxication which is also prevalent in other forms of marine aquatic life, namely sponges and fish. The widespread presence of prokaryotic microcystins and nodularins in the marine environment may be indicative of the importance of signal transduction pathways involving potent inhibition of protein phosphatases in early marine eukaryotes.},
	keywords = {DIARRHETIC SHELLFISH TOXINS, HIGHER-PLANTS, LR, nodularin, OKADAIC ACID, POTENT, TYPE-1},
	isbn = {0041-0101},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993MM43000005},
	author = {Chen, D. Z. X. and Boland, M. P. and Smillie, M. A. and Klix, H. and Ptak, C. and Andersen, R. J. and Holmes, C. F. B.}
}
