@article {2188,
	title = {Gene expression and metabolism in tomato fruit surface tissues},
	journal = {Plant Physiology},
	volume = {147},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 308XITimes Cited: 36Cited Reference Count: 115Mintz-Oron, Shira Mandel, Tali Rogachev, Ilana Feldberg, Liron Lotan, Ofra Yativ, Merav Wang, Zhonghua Jetter, Reinhard Venger, Ilya Adato, Avital Aharoni, Asaph},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {823-851},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {The cuticle, covering the surface of all primary plant organs, plays important roles in plant development and protection against the biotic and abiotic environment. In contrast to vegetative organs, very little molecular information has been obtained regarding the surfaces of reproductive organs such as fleshy fruit. To broaden our knowledge related to fruit surface, comparative transcriptome and metabolome analyses were carried out on peel and flesh tissues during tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) fruit development. Out of 574 peel-associated transcripts, 17\% were classified as putatively belonging to metabolic pathways generating cuticular components, such as wax, cutin, and phenylpropanoids. Orthologs of the Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana) SHINE2 and MIXTA-LIKE regulatory factors, activating cutin and wax biosynthesis and fruit epidermal cell differentiation, respectively, were also predominantly expressed in the peel. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using a flame ionization detector identified 100 metabolites that are enriched in the peel tissue during development. These included flavonoids, glycoalkaloids, and amyrin-type pentacyclic triterpenoids as well as polar metabolites associated with cuticle and cell wall metabolism and protection against photooxidative stress. Combined results at both transcript and metabolite levels revealed that the formation of cuticular lipids precedes phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. Expression patterns of reporter genes driven by the upstream region of the wax-associated SlCER6 gene indicated progressive activity of this wax biosynthetic gene in both fruit exocarp and endocarp. Peel-associated genes identified in our study, together with comparative analysis of genes enriched in surface tissues of various other plant species, establish a springboard for future investigations of plant surface biology.},
	keywords = {ABC, ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA, CELL ELONGATION, COTTON FIBER, CUTICULAR STRUCTURE, CUTIN BIOSYNTHESIS, FUNCTIONAL-CHARACTERIZATION, MASS-SPECTROMETRY, MYB TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, TRANSPIRATION BARRIER PROPERTIES, TRANSPORTER GENE},
	isbn = {0032-0889},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000256423600034},
	author = {Mintz-Oron, S. and Mandel, T. and Rogachev, I. and Feldberg, L. and Lotan, O. and Yativ, M. and Wang, Z. and Jetter, R. and Venger, I. and Adato, A. and Aharoni, A.}
}
@article {2147,
	title = {Identification of the wax ester synthase/acyl-coenzyme A: Diacylglycerol acyltransferase WSD1 required for stem wax ester biosynthesis in Arabidopsis},
	journal = {Plant Physiology},
	volume = {148},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 344SMTimes Cited: 16Cited Reference Count: 52Li, Fengling Wu, Xuemin Lam, Patricia Bird, David Zheng, Huanquan Samuels, Lacey Jetter, Reinhard Kunst, Ljerka},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {97-107},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Wax esters are neutral lipids composed of aliphatic alcohols and acids, with both moieties usually long-chain (C-16 and C-18) or very-long-chain (C-20 and longer) carbon structures. They have diverse biological functions in bacteria, insects, mammals, and terrestrial plants and are also important substrates for a variety of industrial applications. In plants, wax esters are mostly found in the cuticles coating the primary shoot surfaces, but they also accumulate to high concentrations in the seed oils of a few plant species, including jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis), a desert shrub that is the major commercial source of these compounds. Here, we report the identification and characterization of WSD1, a member of the bifunctional wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene family, which plays a key role in wax ester synthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) stems, as first evidenced by severely reduced wax ester levels of in the stem wax of wsd1 mutants. In vitro assays using protein extracts from Escherichia coli expressing WSD1 showed that this enzyme has a high level of wax synthase activity and approximately 10-fold lower level of diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity. Expression of the WSD1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the accumulation of wax esters, but not triacylglycerol, indicating that WSD1 predominantly functions as a wax synthase. Analyses of WSD1 expression revealed that this gene is transcribed in flowers, top parts of stems, and leaves. Fully functional yellow fluorescent protein-tagged WSD1 protein was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, demonstrating that biosynthesis of wax esters, the final products of the alcohol-forming pathway, occurs in this subcellular compartment.},
	keywords = {ABC, CLONING, CONDENSING ENZYME, ELONGATION, GENE-EXPRESSION, PLANT CUTICULAR WAXES, SURFACES, THALIANA, TRANSFORMATION, TRANSGENIC ARABIDOPSIS, TRANSPORTER},
	isbn = {0032-0889},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000258947600010},
	author = {Li, F. and Wu, X. and Lam, P. and Bird, D. and Zheng, H. and Samuels, L. and Jetter, R. and Kunst, L.}
}
@article {2238,
	title = {Sealing plant surfaces: Cuticular wax formation by epidermal cells},
	journal = {Annual Review of Plant Biology},
	volume = {59},
	year = {2008},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 311IFTimes Cited: 55Cited Reference Count: 148Samuels, Lacey Kunst, Ljerka Jetter, Reinhard},
	pages = {683-707},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {The vital importance of plant surface wax in protecting tissue from environmental stresses is reflected in the huge commitment of epidermal cells to cuticle formation. During cuticle deposition, a massive flux of lipids occurs from the sites of lipid synthesis in the plastid and the endoplasmic reticulum to the plant surface. Recent genetic studies in Arabidopsis have improved our understanding of fatty acid elongation and of the subsequent modification of the elongated products into primary alcohols, wax esters, secondary alcohols, and ketones, shedding light on the enzymes involved in these pathways. In contrast, the biosynthesis of alkanes is still poorly understood, as are the mechanisms of wax transport from the site of biosynthesis to the cuticle. Currently, nothing is known about wax trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane, or about translocation through the cell wall to the cuticle. However, a first breakthrough toward an understanding of wax export recently came with the discovery of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters that are involved in releasing wax from the plasma membrane into the apoplast. An overview of our present knowledge of wax biosynthesis and transport and the regulation of these processes during cuticle assembly is presented, including the evidence for coordination of cutin polyester and wax production.},
	keywords = {ABC, ABC transporters, ACYL-COA SYNTHETASE, ALKANES, ARABIDOPSIS, ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA, CHAIN FATTY-ACID, COENZYME-A SYNTHETASE, DEEP-WATER RICE, ECERIFERUM CER MUTANTS, ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM, fatty acid elongation, LEAVES PISUM-SATIVUM, LIPID-TRANSFER PROTEIN, primary alcohols, regulation of wax biosynthesis, TRANSPORTER},
	isbn = {1040-2519},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000256593200027},
	author = {Samuels, L. and Kunst, L. and Jetter, R.}
}
