@article {2238,
	title = {Sealing plant surfaces: Cuticular wax formation by epidermal cells},
	journal = {Annual Review of Plant Biology},
	volume = {59},
	year = {2008},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 311IFTimes Cited: 55Cited Reference Count: 148Samuels, Lacey Kunst, Ljerka Jetter, Reinhard},
	pages = {683-707},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {The vital importance of plant surface wax in protecting tissue from environmental stresses is reflected in the huge commitment of epidermal cells to cuticle formation. During cuticle deposition, a massive flux of lipids occurs from the sites of lipid synthesis in the plastid and the endoplasmic reticulum to the plant surface. Recent genetic studies in Arabidopsis have improved our understanding of fatty acid elongation and of the subsequent modification of the elongated products into primary alcohols, wax esters, secondary alcohols, and ketones, shedding light on the enzymes involved in these pathways. In contrast, the biosynthesis of alkanes is still poorly understood, as are the mechanisms of wax transport from the site of biosynthesis to the cuticle. Currently, nothing is known about wax trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane, or about translocation through the cell wall to the cuticle. However, a first breakthrough toward an understanding of wax export recently came with the discovery of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters that are involved in releasing wax from the plasma membrane into the apoplast. An overview of our present knowledge of wax biosynthesis and transport and the regulation of these processes during cuticle assembly is presented, including the evidence for coordination of cutin polyester and wax production.},
	keywords = {ABC, ABC transporters, ACYL-COA SYNTHETASE, ALKANES, ARABIDOPSIS, ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA, CHAIN FATTY-ACID, COENZYME-A SYNTHETASE, DEEP-WATER RICE, ECERIFERUM CER MUTANTS, ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM, fatty acid elongation, LEAVES PISUM-SATIVUM, LIPID-TRANSFER PROTEIN, primary alcohols, regulation of wax biosynthesis, TRANSPORTER},
	isbn = {1040-2519},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000256593200027},
	author = {Samuels, L. and Kunst, L. and Jetter, R.}
}
@article {1026,
	title = {Tomato fruit cuticular waxes and their effects on transpiration barrier properties: functional characterization of a mutant deficient in a very-long-chain fatty acid beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Botany},
	volume = {55},
	number = {401},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 829GETimes Cited: 49Cited Reference Count: 44},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {1401-1410},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Cuticular waxes play a pivotal role in limiting transpirational water loss across the plant surface. The correlation between the chemical composition of the cuticular waxes and their function as a transpiration barrier is still unclear. In the present study, intact tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum) are used, due to their astomatous surface, as a novel integrative approach to investigate this composition-function relationship: wax amounts and compositions of tomato were manipulated before measuring unbiased cuticular transpiration. First, successive mechanical and extractive wax-removal steps allowed the selective modification of epi- and intracuticular wax layers. The epicuticular film consisted exclusively of very-long-chain aliphatics, while the intracuticular compartment contained large quantities of pentacyclic triterpenoids as well. Second, applying reverse genetic techniques, a loss-of-function mutation with a transposon insertion in a very-long-chain fatty acid elongase beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase was isolated and characterized. Mutant leaf and fruit waxes were deficient in n-alkanes and aldehydes with chain lengths beyond C-30, while shorter chains and branched hydrocarbons were not affected. The mutant fruit wax also showed a significant increase in intracuticular triterpenoids. Removal of the epicuticular wax layer, accounting for one-third of the total wax coverage on wild-type fruits, had only moderate effects on transpiration. By contrast, reduction of the intracuticular aliphatics in the mutant to approximately 50\% caused a 4-fold increase in permeability. Hence, the main portion of the transpiration barrier is located in the intracuticular wax layer, largely determined by the aliphatic constituents, but modified by the presence of triterpenoids, whereas epicuticular aliphatics play a minor role.},
	keywords = {ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA, BARRIER, BICOLOR L MOENCH, CITRUS LEAF CUTICLES, CONDENSING ENZYME, CONDUCTANCE, cuticle, ECERIFERUM CER MUTANTS, EPICUTICULAR WAX, EPICUTICULAR WAXES, EPIDERMAL, intracuticular wax, PRUNUS-LAUROCERASUS L, tomato, transpiration, TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES, WATER PERMEABILITY},
	isbn = {0022-0957},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000222034600015},
	author = {Vogg, G. and Fischer, S. and Leide, J. and Emmanuel, E. and Jetter, R. and Levy, A. A. and Riederer, M.}
}
