@article {4199,
	title = {Active oxygen species formation in synaptosomes exposed to an aluminum chelator},
	journal = {Neurotoxicology and Teratology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ZU241Times Cited: 4Cited Reference Count: 37},
	month = {May-Jun},
	pages = {317-320},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {This study evaluates the potential of two chelators, 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyridine-4-one (Hdpp) and 1-n-butyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one (Hnbp), to modulate cerebral rates of free radical production. The fluorometric assay for 2{\textquoteright},7{\textquoteright}-dichlorofluorescein, which is formed by oxidation of a nonfluorescent precursor (2{\textquoteright},7{\textquoteright}-dichlorofluorescin diacetate), was used to assay reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The chelator Hdpp alone and the aluminum complexes of each chelator, Al(dpp)(3) and Al(nbp)(3), all inhibited basal rates of generation of ROS within a rat cerebral synaptosomal fraction. In the presence of an iron salt (1 mu M FeSO4), a major enhancement of syn aptosomal ROS formation was apparent. However, with the addition of an equimolar concentration of Hdpp, Al(dpp)(3), or Al(nbp)(3), this stimulation was completely abolished. The N-substituted-3-hydroxy-4-pyridinones have been proposed to be of clinical utility for the removal of iron or aluminum from tissues. The clinical potential of this class of chelator may be enhanced by their ability to inhibit iron-related oxidative events. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc.},
	keywords = {3-HYDROXY-4-PYRIDINONES, aluminum, ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE, CHELATOR, COMPLEXES, DEFEROXAMINE, DESFERRIOXAMINE, Free Radicals, hydroxypyridinones, iron, LIPID-PEROXIDATION, metal chelation, NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES, QUANTITATION, RATS, reactive oxygen species},
	isbn = {0892-0362},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000074176500011},
	author = {Bondy, S. C. and Tseng, H. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {4410,
	title = {Complexation of gallium(III) by 2-hydroxynicotinic acid and 3-hydroxypicolinic acid in aqueous solution},
	journal = {Inorganica Chimica Acta},
	volume = {273},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ZP204Times Cited: 17Cited Reference Count: 27XXXIII International Conference on Coordination ChemistryAUG 30-SEP 04, 1998FLORENCE, ITALY},
	month = {May},
	pages = {47-53},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {The deprotonations of 2-hydroxynicotinic acid (H(2)nic) and 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (H(2)pic) and the complexation of these molecules with Ga3+ were studied by H-1 NMR, UV-Vis spectrophotometry and potentiometric titration. Both ligands bind Ga3+ at very low pH; the ligand binds in the monodeprotonated form. The stability constants of the [Ga(HL)(n)]((3-n)+) (L = nic or pic; n = 1, 2, or 3) complexes were measured at 25 degrees C, 1.0 M NaCl (for beta(1)) and 0.16 M NaCl (for beta(2) and beta(3)); for H(2)nic (H(2)pic), log beta(1) = 6.78 (7.04), log beta(2) = 12.43 (13.09) and log beta(3) = 16.20 (17.74). At higher pH, polynuclear mixed ligand-hydroxo species form, although their composition and stability could not be determined. These complexes undergo hydrolysis to form [Ga(OH)(4)](-) above pH 7. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {3-HYDROXY-4-PYRIDINONES, aluminum, CHELATION, CHEMISTRY, COMPLEXES, EQUILIBRIUM, GA-68, gallium complexes, hydroxynicotinic acid, hydroxypicolinic acid complexes, INDIUM COMPLEXES, INVIVO, LIGANDS, RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS},
	isbn = {0020-1693},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000073728200008},
	author = {Stephens, A. K. W. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {3021,
	title = {CHARACTERIZATION OF TRIS(N-SUBSTITUTED-2-METHYL-3-HYDROXY-4-PYRIDINONATO)TECHNETIUM(IV) CATIONS},
	journal = {Inorganic Chemistry},
	volume = {33},
	number = {24},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: PU080Times Cited: 14Cited Reference Count: 20},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {5607-5609},
	type = {Note},
	keywords = {3-HYDROXY-4-PYRIDINONES, AGENTS, aluminum, CHEMISTRY, COMPLEXES, gallium, INVIVO, RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS, TC-99M, technetium},
	isbn = {0020-1669},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994PU08000042},
	author = {Edwards, D. S. and Liu, S. and Poirier, M. J. and Zhang, Z. H. and Webb, G. A. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {2952,
	title = {PHARMACOKINETICS OF ALUMINUM 3-HYDROXYPYRIDIN-4-ONE COMPLEXES - IMPLICATIONS FOR ALUMINUM REDISTRIBUTION SUBSEQUENT TO CHELATION-THERAPY},
	journal = {Toxicology},
	volume = {92},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: PK035Times Cited: 14Cited Reference Count: 34},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {193-202},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The pharmacokinetics of selected aluminum-hydroxypyridinone (Al-HP) complexes were determined in rats to better understand the relationship between their disposition and elimination parameters and the safety of HPs in the chelation therapy of Al intoxication. Five complexes were administered as i.v. bolus doses of Al-HP (0.25 mmol/kg Al-0.75 mmol/kg HP). The Al-HP steady state volumes of distribution ranged from 220 to 871 ml/kg, suggesting that each complex distributed out of the vascular compartment (which should have been approximate to 65 ml/kg). Systemic clearances ranged from 189 to 906 ml/h per kg. Elimination half-lives (t(1/2)) and mean residence times ranged from 0.36 to 0.84 and 0.52 to 1.20 h, respectively. The Al-CP20 complex had a short t(1/2) and a midrange volume of distribution. It demonstrated no apparent toxicity, whereas myoclonic seizures were observed after Al-CP22, Al-CP24 and Al-CP94 administration. The most appropriate choice for Al chelation among the HPs tested may be CP20. Characterization of the distribution and elimination of Al-HP complexes improves the understanding of potential toxicity that may be associated with HP therapy of Al intoxication.},
	keywords = {3-HYDROXY-4-PYRIDINONES, 3-HYDROXYPYRIDIN-4-ONES, aluminum, ALUMINUM CHELATION, ALUMINUM TOXICITY, CHELATION, DESFERRIOXAMINE, ENCEPHALOPATHY, gallium, INTOXICATION, INVITRO, IRON CHELATORS, OCULAR TOXICITY, pharmacokinetics, RENAL-FAILURE, SUBCUTANEOUS DEFEROXAMINE},
	isbn = {0300-483X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994PK03500015},
	author = {Allen, D. D. and Orvig, Chris and Yokel, R. A.}
}
@article {3107,
	title = {PREPARATION OF 2-SUBSTITUTED AND 4-SUBSTITUTED 3-HYDROXY-5-METHYLFURANS AND THE ALUMINUM AND GALLIUM COMPLEXES OF 3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-2-(N-METHYLFORMAMIDO)FURAN},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Chemistry-Revue Canadienne De Chimie},
	volume = {72},
	number = {5},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: NU280Times Cited: 3Cited Reference Count: 40},
	month = {May},
	pages = {1362-1369},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {In model studies designed to study the synthesis of potentially hexadentate chelates based on the linkage of three furan rings to a triamine via amide linkages, new 2- and 1-substituted 3-hydroxy-5-methylfurans have been prepared. Particularly, 3-hydroxy-5-methyl-(N-methylformamido)fur (Hahm) and its Al and Ga complexes (M(ahm)(3)) have been prepared and thoroughly characterized by a variety of techniques, in the solid state and in solution. Solution equilibrium studies (mu = 0.6 M NaCl, 25 degrees C) uncovered a complicated set of equilibria in the Al3+/Hahm system; the solution potentiometric data were best explained by the presence of mixed ligand (HL = Hahm, L(-) = ahm(-)) hydroxo species [Al-3(OH)(4)L(3)](2+) and [AI(OH)(2)L(2)](-), in addition to the expected [AlL(n)]((3-n)+) (n = 1, 2, 3) species. Further solution studies at HL:M ratios of 3:1 (mu = 0.15 M NaCl, 25 degrees C) showed that Hahm is a relatively weak complexing agent for both Al and Ga, forming tris-ligand species with overall formation constants of 10(19.5) and 10(20.6), respectively.},
	keywords = {0.6 M NA(CL), 3-HYDROXY-4-PYRIDINONES, ACID, AQUEOUS-SOLUTION, EQUILIBRIUM, HYDROLYSIS, indium, SILICON(IV)},
	isbn = {0008-4042},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994NU28000020},
	author = {Lutz, T. G. and Clevette, D. J. and Hoveyda, H. R. and Karunaratne, V. and Nordin, A. and Sjoberg, S. and Winter, M. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {2789,
	title = {POTENTIAL TC-99M RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS FOR RENAL IMAGING - TRIS(N-SUBSTITUTED-3-HYDROXY-2-METHYL-4-PYRIDINONATO)TECHNETIUM(IV) CATIONS},
	journal = {Nuclear Medicine and Biology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {7},
	year = {1993},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: LY636Times Cited: 9Cited Reference Count: 21},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {857-863},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A series of monocationic complexes of N-substituted-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyridinones labeled with technetium(IV)-99m have been evaluated in vivo as potential radiopharmaceuticals. The pyridinones have different substituents at the ring nitrogen atom: ethyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, benzyl, phenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, 3-butoxypropyl and cyclohexyl. Biodistribution studies of the Tc-99m complexes have been carried out in rabbits and mice. High kidney uptake and retention of the radionuclide has been shown in rabbits and mice with the cationic complexes of 3-hydroxy-1-(p-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinone and 1-(cyclohexyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyridinone. These (TcL3+)-Tc-99m compounds appear to be morphologic renal agents.},
	keywords = {3-HYDROXY-4-PYRIDINONES, aluminum, CHEMISTRY, COMPLEXES, gallium, INVIVO},
	isbn = {0883-2897},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993LY63600007},
	author = {Edwards, D. S. and Liu, S. N. and Lyster, D. M. and Poirier, M. J. and Vo, C. and Webb, G. A. and Zhang, Z. H. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {2868,
	title = {RHENIUM(V) AND TECHNETIUM(V) COMPLEXES OF BIDENTATE (0, 0) MONOBASIC 3-OXY-4-PYRONATO AND -4-PYRIDINONATO LIGANDS - X-RAY STRUCTURES OF CIS-BROMOBIS(3-METHYL-2-OXY-4-PYRONATO)OXORHENIUM(V), TETRA-N-BUTYLAMMONIUM TRIBROMO(3-METHYL-2-OXY-4-PYRONATO)OXORHENA},
	journal = {Inorganic Chemistry},
	volume = {32},
	number = {21},
	year = {1993},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: MC686Times Cited: 27Cited Reference Count: 39},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {4491-4497},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {{A series of technetium(V) and rhenium(V) complexes of the form [MOXL2], where L is a bidentate (0, 0) monobasic ligand, 2-methyl-3-oxy-4-pyronate (maltolate, ma-) or 1,2-dimethyl-3-oxy-4-pyridinonate (dpp-), and X is a halo ligand},
	keywords = {3-HYDROXY-4-PYRIDINONES, aluminum, CHEMISTRY, CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE, MALTOL, MATRIX, NUCLEAR-MEDICINE, RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS, REACTIVITY, SCHIFF-BASES},
	isbn = {0020-1669},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993MC68600005},
	author = {Luo, H. Y. and Rettig, S. J. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {7398,
	title = {PHYSICAL AND STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF N-CARBOXYMETHYL-3-HYDROXY-2-METHYL-4-PYRIDINONE AND N-(PARA-METHOXYPHENYL)-3-HYDROXY-2-METHYL-4-PYRIDINONE},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Chemistry-Revue Canadienne De Chimie},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: JD670Times Cited: 15Cited Reference Count: 40},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {763-770},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {{3-Hydroxy-1-carboxymethyl-2-methyl-4-pyridinone (Hcmp) and 3-hydroxy-1-(p-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridine (Hpap) have been prepared and studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystals of Hcmp are monoclinic},
	keywords = {2-DIMETHYL-3-HYDROXYPYRID-4-ONE L1, 3-HYDROXY-4-PYRIDINONE, 3-HYDROXY-4-PYRIDINONES, aluminum, CHELATOR 1, COMPLEXES, CONSTANT, CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, gallium, hydrogen bonding, indium, iron, LONG-TERM TRIAL, protonation, solid state, zwitterion},
	isbn = {0008-4042},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1992JD67000010},
	author = {Zhang, Z. H. and Rettig, S. J. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {7397,
	title = {POTENTIAL GA-67 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS FOR MYOCARDIAL IMAGING - TRIS(1-ARYL-3-HYDROXY-2-METHYL-4-PYRIDINONATO)GALLIUM(III) COMPLEXES},
	journal = {Nuclear Medicine and Biology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: HL213Times Cited: 36Cited Reference Count: 33},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {327-335},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A series of highly lipophilic complexes of 1-aryl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyridinones with gallium(III)-67 has been evaluated in vitro and in vivo as potential radiopharmaceuticals. The pyridinones have different substituents at the para -position of the phenyl ring: R = H, CH3, OCH3 and NO2. Biodistribution studies of Ga-67 complexes have been carried out in rabbits, mice, rats and a dog. High heart uptake of the radionuclide has been shown in rabbits and the dog. The different biodistribution patterns in mice and rats indicate that there is a species difference in the biodistribution of these complexes. Rabbits and the dog show rapid heart uptake and blood clearance. The speciation of the Ga3+ ion in vivo is simulated in vitro with a simple blood plasma model based on the available thermodynamic data.},
	keywords = {3-HYDROXY-4-PYRIDINONES, aluminum, BIODISTRIBUTION, CHELATING LIGAND, CHEMISTRY, gallium, INDIUM COMPLEXES, MULTIDENTATE LIGANDS, N, N{\textquoteright}-DIACETIC ACID, N{\textquoteright}-DIPYRIDOXYLETHYLENEDIAMINE-N, TRIVALENT METAL-IONS},
	isbn = {0883-2897},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1992HL21300012},
	author = {Zhang, Z. H. and Lyster, D. M. and Webb, G. A. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {7111,
	title = {1-NORMAL-PROPYL-3-HYDROXY-2-METHYL-4-PYRIDINONE AND 1-NORMAL-BUTYL-3-HYDROXY-2-METHYL-4-PYRIDINONE COMPLEXES OF GROUP 13 (IIIA) METAL-IONS},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Chemistry-Revue Canadienne De Chimie},
	volume = {69},
	number = {5},
	year = {1991},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: FP799Times Cited: 22Cited Reference Count: 22},
	month = {May},
	pages = {893-900},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {{The aluminum, gallium, and indium tris(ligand) complexes of 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-n-propyl-4-pyridinone and 1-n-butyl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyridinone have been prepared and characterized. All six compounds were prepared in a one-pot synthesis from maltol, n-propyl-, or n-butylamine and an appropriate metal(III) salt, and were completely characterized (IR, FAB-MS, H-1 NMR, Al-27 NMR, elemental analysis). Three of the six complexes were studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and were found to form trihydrates, unlike their 1-methyl and 1-ethyl analogues, which formed dodecahydrates. The n-butylpyridinone complex Al(C10H14NO2)3.3H2O (Al(nbp)3.3H2O) and n-propylpyridinone complexes Al(C9H12NO2)3.3H2O (Al(npp)3.3H2O), and Ga(C9H12NO2)3.3H2O (Ga(npp)3.3H2O) were essentially isostructural, crystallizing in the space group P3BAR with the following crystal parameters for Al(nbp)3.3H2O (Al(npp)3.3H2O, Ga(npp)3.3H2O): a = 15.885(1) (15.328(1), 15.367(2)) angstrom},
	keywords = {3-HYDROXY-4-PYRIDINONES, aluminum, bonding, CHELATE COMPLEXES, CHEMISTRY, crystal structures, EXOCLATHRATE, gallium, HYDROGEN, HYDROXYPYRIDINONE LIGANDS, indium, INVIVO, LIGANDS, metal complexes},
	isbn = {0008-4042},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1991FP79900019},
	author = {Simpson, L. and Rettig, S. J. and Trotter, J. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {7111,
	title = {1-NORMAL-PROPYL-3-HYDROXY-2-METHYL-4-PYRIDINONE AND 1-NORMAL-BUTYL-3-HYDROXY-2-METHYL-4-PYRIDINONE COMPLEXES OF GROUP 13 (IIIA) METAL-IONS},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Chemistry-Revue Canadienne De Chimie},
	volume = {69},
	number = {5},
	year = {1991},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: FP799Times Cited: 22Cited Reference Count: 22},
	month = {May},
	pages = {893-900},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {{The aluminum, gallium, and indium tris(ligand) complexes of 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-n-propyl-4-pyridinone and 1-n-butyl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyridinone have been prepared and characterized. All six compounds were prepared in a one-pot synthesis from maltol, n-propyl-, or n-butylamine and an appropriate metal(III) salt, and were completely characterized (IR, FAB-MS, H-1 NMR, Al-27 NMR, elemental analysis). Three of the six complexes were studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and were found to form trihydrates, unlike their 1-methyl and 1-ethyl analogues, which formed dodecahydrates. The n-butylpyridinone complex Al(C10H14NO2)3.3H2O (Al(nbp)3.3H2O) and n-propylpyridinone complexes Al(C9H12NO2)3.3H2O (Al(npp)3.3H2O), and Ga(C9H12NO2)3.3H2O (Ga(npp)3.3H2O) were essentially isostructural, crystallizing in the space group P3BAR with the following crystal parameters for Al(nbp)3.3H2O (Al(npp)3.3H2O, Ga(npp)3.3H2O): a = 15.885(1) (15.328(1), 15.367(2)) angstrom},
	keywords = {3-HYDROXY-4-PYRIDINONES, aluminum, bonding, CHELATE COMPLEXES, CHEMISTRY, crystal structures, EXOCLATHRATE, gallium, HYDROGEN, HYDROXYPYRIDINONE LIGANDS, indium, INVIVO, LIGANDS, metal complexes},
	isbn = {0008-4042},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1991FP79900019},
	author = {Simpson, L. and Rettig, S. J. and Trotter, J. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {7157,
	title = {LIPOPHILIC COORDINATION-COMPOUNDS - ALUMINUM, GALLIUM, AND INDIUM COMPLEXES OF 1-ARYL-3-HYDROXY-2-METHYL-4-PYRIDINONES},
	journal = {Inorganic Chemistry},
	volume = {30},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: EW602Times Cited: 58Cited Reference Count: 31},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {509-515},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {{A series of 1-aryl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyridinones and tris(1-aryl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyridinonato) aluminum(III), -gallium(III), and -indium(III) complexes have been prepared and completely characterized. The pyridinones have a variety of aryl substituents at the ring nitrogen atom (phenyl, p-tolyl, p-methoxyphenyl, p-nitrophenyl). The complexes have been studied by a number of techniques including n-octanol/water partitioning, potentiometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The uncomplexed ligands have log (n-octanol/water partition coefficients) (log p) greater than 1, except for the p-nitrophenyl case; the log p values are significantly higher in the complexes (> 2, except for the p-nitrophenyl cases). The complexes of 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-4-pyridinone with aluminum (III), gallium (III), and indium (III) have been characterized by potentiometric (glass electrode) titration. The equilibria have been examined at 25.0 +/- 0.1-degrees-C (and 37.0 +/- 0.1-degrees-C for Al) at an ionic strength of mu- = 0.15. This ligand forms Ml(n) complexes (n = 1-3) of high stability; at 25-degrees-C the overall stability constants beta-3 for the 3:1 complexes are 10(30.7) (M = Al3+), 10(36.3) (Ga3+), and 10(31.1) (In3+). At ligand to metal ratios greater-than-or-equal-to 1, the ligands prevent M(III) hydrolysis at millimolar concentrations, even under slightly basic conditions, and the effective formation constants (beta-3eff) for the metal ions at physiological pH are 10(24.7) (M = Al3+), 10(30.3) (Ga3+), and 10(25.1) (In3+). Crystals of the ML3.5.5H2O complexes C39H36MN3O6.5.5H2O) (where M is Al or Ga, respectively, and L is the anion of 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-p-tolyl-4-pyridinone) are isomorphous and isostructural, crystallizing in the trigonal space group p3BAR1c with Z = 4},
	keywords = {3-HYDROXY-4-PYRIDINONES, 4-PYRIDONE EXTRACTANTS, PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES},
	isbn = {0020-1669},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1991EW60200031},
	author = {Zhang, Z. H. and Rettig, S. J. and Orvig, Chris}
}
